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@ARTICLE{Ebert:1025740,
      author       = {Ebert, Martin and Weigel, Ralf and Weinbruch, Stephan and
                      Schneider, Lisa and Kandler, Konrad and Lauterbach, Stefan
                      and Köllner, Franziska and Ploeger, Felix and Günther,
                      Gebhard and Vogel, Bärbel and Borrmann, Stephan},
      title        = {{C}haracterization of refractory aerosol particles
                      collected in the tropical upper troposphere–lower
                      stratosphere ({UTLS}) within the {A}sian tropopause aerosol
                      layer ({ATAL})},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {24},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-03123},
      pages        = {4771 - 4788},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Aerosol particles with diameters larger than 40 nm were
                      collected during the flight campaign StratoClim 2017 within
                      the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) of the 2017
                      monsoon anticyclone above the Indian subcontinent. A
                      multi-impactor system was installed on board the aircraft
                      M-55 Geophysica, which was operated from Kathmandu, Nepal.
                      The size and chemical composition of more than 5000
                      refractory particles/inclusions of 17 selected particle
                      samples from seven different flights were analyzed by use of
                      scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
                      microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)
                      microanalysis. Based on chemical composition and morphology,
                      the refractory particles were assigned to the following
                      particle groups: extraterrestrial, silicates, Fe-rich,
                      Al-rich, Hg-rich, other metals, C-rich, soot, Cl-rich, and
                      Ca-rich.Most abundant particle groups within the refractory
                      particles are silicates and C-rich (non-volatile organics).
                      In samples taken above the tropopause, extraterrestrial
                      particles are becoming increasingly important with rising
                      altitude. The most frequent particle sources for the small
                      (maximum in size distribution DP-max=120 nm) refractory
                      particles carried into the ATAL are combustion processes at
                      the ground (burning of fossil fuels/biomass burning) and the
                      agitation of soil material. The refractory particles in the
                      ATAL represent only a very small fraction $(< 2 \%$ by
                      number for particles > 40 nm) of the total aerosol
                      particles, which are dominated by species like ammonium,
                      sulfate, nitrate, and volatile organics. During one flight,
                      a large number of very small (DP-max=25 nm) cinnabar
                      particles (HgS) were detected, which are supposed to
                      originate from a ground source such as coal combustion or
                      underground coal fires.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211) / DFG project 448793917
                      - Jährliche Variabilität und Bildungsmechanismus der
                      asiatische Tropopausen-Aerosolschicht und ihre globalen
                      Auswirkungen (448793917)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112 / G:(GEPRIS)448793917},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001206733100001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-24-4771-2024},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1025740},
}