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@PHDTHESIS{Shihada:1027485,
      author       = {Shihada, Jamal},
      title        = {3{D} {S}caffolds with {I}ntegrated {E}lectrodes for
                      {N}euronal {C}ell {C}ulture},
      volume       = {103},
      school       = {RWTH Aachen University},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-03894},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-756-1},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Information
                      / Information},
      pages        = {vii, 163},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2024},
      abstract     = {Three-dimensional (3D) neuronal systems like neuronal
                      tissues and organoids have become increasingly important in
                      neural science as, due to their 3D nature, they provide a
                      more realistic environment of the brain and thus can mimic
                      specific brain regionsmore precisely than two-dimensional
                      (2D) systems. However, these 3D systems need additional
                      structures, called scaffolds, which support the neuronal
                      growth in all three dimensions. Recent technological
                      advances in microfabrication can be used to improve the
                      quality of the scaffolds, and thus of the 3D systems. To get
                      a better understanding of the complex 3D environment within
                      such 3D systems it is furthermore essential to monitor the
                      electrical activities of these environments. To be able to
                      monitor electricalsignals in all three dimensions real 3D
                      electrodes have to be used as conventional 2D electrodes
                      only can monitor surface activities. Therefore, this work
                      introduces a new platform for real 3D electrodes as well as
                      3D scaffold systems to investigatedifferent 3D neuronal
                      systems. First of all, hollow cylinders are printed onto
                      different 2D substrates with the help of a two-photon
                      polymerization 3D printer. A template-assisted
                      electrochemical deposition process of gold is used to extend
                      the electrodes into thethird dimension. 3D electrodes with
                      less than 10 μm diameter and up to 150 μm height are then
                      used to monitor spontaneous as well as light-induced
                      electrical activities from extracted rat retina and human
                      brain slices in different depths of the tissues. Finally,3D
                      electrodes are integrated into a scaffold system to enable a
                      profound analysis of precisely controlled 3D neuronal
                      environments. The high resolution stiff scaffold system is
                      fabricated with using a two-photon polymerization process
                      and supports the growthof embryonic, cortical rat neurons in
                      all three dimensions. After the network has been established
                      electrical signals with high amplitudes were monitored in
                      different heights within the network. This combined approach
                      allows for a comprehensive investigationof 3D neuronal
                      in-vitro platforms at any life cycle stage.},
      cin          = {IBI-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-3-20200312},
      pnm          = {5244 - Information Processing in Neuronal Networks
                      (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      urn          = {urn:nbn:de:0001-20240724100932905-8104607-6},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2024-03894},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1027485},
}