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@ARTICLE{Rai:1028278,
      author       = {Rai, Ragini and Kumar, Deepak and Dhule, Anjali A. and
                      Rudani, Binny and Tiwari, Sanjay},
      title        = {{A}lkanols {R}egulate the {F}luidity of {P}hospholipid
                      {B}ilayer in {A}ccordance to {T}heir {C}oncentration and
                      {P}olarity},
      journal      = {Langmuir},
      volume       = {40},
      number       = {27},
      issn         = {0743-7463},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-04459},
      pages        = {acs.langmuir.4c01499},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {In spite of the widespread use of alkanols as penetration
                      enhancers, their effect on vesicular formulations remains
                      largely unexplored. These can affect the stability and
                      integrity of the phospholipid bilayers. In this study, we
                      have investigated the interaction of linear (ethanol,
                      butanol, hexanol, octanol) and branched alkanols (t-amylol
                      and t-butanol) with three phospholipids (soya lecithin, SL;
                      soy L-α-phosphatidylcholine, SPC; and
                      1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DPPC).
                      Thermodynamic and structural aspects of these interactions
                      were studied as a function of the alkanol concentration and
                      chain length. Our interpretations are based on isothermal
                      titration calorimetry (ITC) and dynamic light scattering
                      (DLS) experiments. We observed one-site interactions wherein
                      hydroxyl and acyl groups interacted with the polar and
                      nonpolar regions of the phospholipid, respectively. The
                      stability and structural integrity of bilayers appeared to
                      be dependent upon (a) the hydrocarbon chain length and
                      concentration of alcohols, and (b) the degree of
                      unsaturation in the phospholipid molecule. We found that
                      these interactions triggered a reduction in the enthalpy
                      which was compensated by increased entropy, keeping free
                      energy negative. Drop in enthalpy indicates reversible
                      disordering of the bilayer which enables the diffusion of
                      alcohol without triggering destabilization. Ethanol engaged
                      predominantly with the interface, and it resulted in higher
                      enthalpic changes. Interactions became increasingly
                      unfavorable with longer alcohols – a cutoff point was
                      recorded with hexanol. The overall sequence of membrane
                      disordering capability was recorded as follows: ethanol <
                      butanol < octanol < hexanol. Octanol’s larger size
                      restricted its penetration in the bilayer, and hence it
                      caused less enthalpic changes relative to hexanol. This
                      could also be verified from the trends in the area ratio of
                      these vesicles obtained from the DLS data. Branched alkanols
                      displayed a lower binding affinity with the phospholipids
                      relative to their linear counterparts. These data are useful
                      while contemplating the inclusion of short-chain alcohols as
                      penetration enhancers in phospholipid vesicles.},
      cin          = {IBI-4},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-4-20200312},
      pnm          = {5241 - Molecular Information Processing in Cellular Systems
                      (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5241},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {38935825},
      UT           = {WOS:001258205900001},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01499},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1028278},
}