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@ARTICLE{Ma:1028495,
      author       = {Ma, Jin and Kooijmans, Linda M. J. and Glatthor, Norbert
                      and Montzka, Stephen A. and von Hobe, Marc and Röckmann,
                      Thomas and Krol, Maarten C.},
      title        = {{C}ombined assimilation of {NOAA} surface and {MIPAS}
                      satellite observations to constrain the global budget of
                      carbonyl sulfide},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {24},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-04647},
      pages        = {6047 - 6070},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Carbonyl sulfide (COS), a trace gas in our atmosphere that
                      leads to the formation of aerosols in the stratosphere, is
                      largely taken up by terrestrial ecosystems. Quantifying the
                      biosphere uptake of COS could provide a useful quantity to
                      estimate gross primary productivity (GPP). Some COS sources
                      and sinks still contain large uncertainties, and several
                      top-down estimates of the COS budget point to an
                      underestimation of sources, especially in the tropics. We
                      extended the inverse model TM5-4DVAR to assimilate Michelson
                      Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)
                      satellite data, in addition to National Oceanic and
                      Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) surface data as used in a
                      previous study. To resolve possible discrepancies among the
                      two observational data sets, a bias correction scheme is
                      necessary and implemented. A set of inversions is presented
                      that explores the influence of the different measurement
                      streams and the settings of the prior fluxes. To evaluate
                      the performance of the inverse system, the HIAPER
                      Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft observations and
                      NOAA airborne profiles are used. All inversions reduce the
                      COS biosphere uptake from a prior value of
                      1053 GgS a−1 to much smaller values, depending on the
                      inversion settings. These large adjustments of the biosphere
                      uptake often turn parts of Amazonia into a COS source. Only
                      inversions that exclusively use MIPAS observations, or
                      strongly reduce the prior errors on the biosphere flux,
                      maintain the Amazon as a COS sink. Inclusion of MIPAS data
                      in the inversion leads to a better separation of land and
                      ocean fluxes. Over the Amazon, these inversions reduce the
                      biosphere uptake from roughly 300 to 100 GgS a−1,
                      indicating a strongly overestimated prior uptake in this
                      region. Although a recent study also reported reduced COS
                      uptake over the Amazon, we emphasise that a careful
                      construction of prior fluxes and their associated errors
                      remains important. For instance, an inversion that gives
                      large freedom to adjust the anthropogenic and ocean fluxes
                      of CS2, an important COS precursor, also closes the budget
                      satisfactorily with much smaller adjustments to the
                      biosphere. We achieved better characterisation of biosphere
                      prior and uncertainty, better characterisation of combined
                      ocean and land fluxes, and better constraint of both by
                      combining surface and satellite observations. We recommend
                      more COS observations to characterise biosphere and ocean
                      fluxes, especially over the data-poor tropics.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001231115300001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1028495},
}