% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@PHDTHESIS{Beermann:1028955,
      author       = {Beermann, Mira},
      title        = {{T}he {R}elationship between {P}edestrian {D}ensity,
                      {W}alking {S}peed and {P}sychological {S}tress: {E}xamining
                      {P}hysiological {A}rousal in {C}rowded {S}ituations},
      volume       = {62},
      school       = {Univ. Wuppertal},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-04895},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-764-6},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich IAS Series},
      pages        = {xi, 117},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {Dissertation, Univ. Wuppertal, 2023},
      abstract     = {Due to the steadily growing world population and mobility
                      shift, more and more people are moving around in public
                      spaces, such as in train stations or shopping arcades. This
                      increased volume of people has led to restrictions on the
                      functionality of traffic infrastructures. At the same time,
                      it is assumed that the increased pedestrian traffic creates
                      a higher stress load on environmental structures. The
                      Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) is an engineering concept
                      and measure that evaluates the functionality and quality of
                      transport infrastructures in relation to density and comfort
                      of movement. Based on a fundamental diagram, this concept
                      assumes reduced quality for pedestrians when there are
                      higher pedestrian traffic densities and associated reduced
                      walking speeds. However, the state of research shows, that
                      researchers have not comprehensively explored the effects of
                      density and reduced speed on pedestrians’ stress levels.
                      This work used psychological theories and methods to advance
                      knowledge about the experience of density and speed and how
                      they are related, using measurements of electrodermal
                      activity and subjective ratings to assess stress levels.
                      This research consisted of four studies that examined
                      different states (walking and standing/waiting) of
                      pedestrians in traffic infrastructures. Studies 1 and 2
                      explored standing and waiting in dense situations. Study 3
                      explored walking at different preset and freely chosen
                      walking speeds. Study 4 extended the previous studies to
                      examine the relationship between density and walking speed.
                      It shows that both density and walking speed, when
                      considered separately, do not directly affect physiological
                      stress levels but they do affect participants’ subjective
                      ratings. However, the combination of these two parameters
                      showed that walking speed reduced by density leads to
                      increased physiological arousal. These results provide
                      empirical evidence for the PLOS assumption that the stress
                      of pedestrians increases with increasing density—but only
                      when pedestrians are moving. When considering density while
                      standing/waiting, however, the findings indicate that other
                      factors also influence the stress experience},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF4-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2024-04895},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1028955},
}