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@ARTICLE{Gnutzmann:1030117,
      author       = {Gnutzmann, Maike Michelle and Makvandi, Ardavan and Ying,
                      Bixian and Buchmann, Julius and Lüther, Marco Joes and
                      Helm, Bianca and Nagel, Peter and Peterlechner, Martin and
                      Wilde, Gerhard and Gomez-Martin, Aurora and Kleiner, Karin
                      and Winter, Martin and Kasnatscheew, Johannes},
      title        = {{D}irect {R}ecycling at the {M}aterial {L}evel:
                      {U}nravelling {C}hallenges and {O}pportunities through a
                      {C}ase {S}tudy on {S}pent {N}i‐{R}ich {L}ayered
                      {O}xide‐{B}ased {C}athodes},
      journal      = {Advanced energy materials},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {36},
      issn         = {1614-6832},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-05227},
      pages        = {2400840},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Direct recycling is a key technology for enabling a
                      circular economy of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). For
                      cathode active materials (CAMs), it is regarded as the
                      tightest closed-loop and most efficient approach among
                      current recycling techniques as it simply proceeds via
                      re-lithiation and reconstruction of aged CAMs instead of
                      separating them into elemental components. In this work,
                      spent, i.e., morphologically and structurally decomposed CAM
                      based on LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 (NCM-831205) is restored by
                      mimicking conditions of original CAM synthesis. After
                      evaluating and optimizing the high-temperature duration for
                      CAM restoration and subsequent washing procedure, the
                      recycled CAM is shown to maintain poly-crystallinity and tap
                      density, successfully recover specific surface area, lithium
                      content, crystal structure in surface and bulk, while,
                      however, only partly the original secondary particle size
                      and shape. Though, comparable in initial 100
                      charge/discharge cycles with pristine CAM in lithium
                      ion-cells, the subsequent increase in resistance and
                      capacity fading remains a challenge. High temperature during
                      recycling can be regarded as a key challenge on material
                      level, as it not only promotes detrimental surface carbonate
                      species from residual carbon black but also enhances cation
                      disorder and micro-/nanoscopic porosity through oxygen
                      release, likely in de-lithiated, thus less thermally stable
                      regions of cycled NCM.},
      cin          = {IMD-4},
      ddc          = {050},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IMD-4-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)459785385 - Röntgenpulverdiffraktometer
                      (459785385)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221 / G:(GEPRIS)459785385},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001269005300001},
      doi          = {10.1002/aenm.202400840},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1030117},
}