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@ARTICLE{Heidbchel:1030118,
      author       = {Heidbüchel, Marcel and Gomez-Martin, Aurora and
                      Frankenstein, Lars and Makvandi, Ardavan and Peterlechner,
                      Martin and Wilde, Gerhard and Winter, Martin and
                      Kasnatscheew, Johannes},
      title        = {{U}ltrahigh {N}i‐{R}ich $(90\%)$ {L}ayered
                      {O}xide‐{B}ased {C}athode {A}ctive {M}aterials: {T}he
                      {A}dvantages of {T}ungsten ({W}) {I}ncorporation in the
                      {P}recursor {C}athode {A}ctive {M}aterial},
      journal      = {Small science},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {2688-4046},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH GmbH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-05228},
      pages        = {2400135},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {The authors thank the European Union for funding this work
                      in the project “SeNSE.” This project has received
                      funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
                      and innovation program under grant agreement no. 875548.
                      Furthermore, the authors would like to acknowledge
                      DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for funding the TEM
                      equipment via the Major Research Instrumentation Program
                      under INST 211/719-1 FUGG.},
      abstract     = {Minor amounts of tungsten (W) are well known to improve
                      Ni-rich layered oxide-based cathode active materials (CAMs)
                      for Li ion batteries. Herein, W impacts are validated and
                      compared for varied concentrations and incorporation routes
                      in aqueous media for LiNi0.90Co0.06Mn0.04O2 (NCM90-6-4),
                      either via modification of a precursor NixCoyMnz(OH)2 (pCAM)
                      within a sol–gel reaction or directly during synthesis,
                      i.e., either via an W-based educt or during co-precipitation
                      in a continuously operated Couette–Taylor reactor. In
                      particular, the sol–gel modification is shown to be
                      beneficial and reveals >500 cycles for $≈80\%$
                      state-of-health NCM90-6-4||graphite cells. It can be related
                      to homogeneously W-modified surface as well as smaller and
                      elongated primary particles, whereas the latter are
                      suggested to better compensate anisotropic lattice stress
                      and decrease amount of microcracks, consequently minimizing
                      further rise in surface area and the accompanied failure
                      cascades (e.g., phase changes, metal dissolution, and
                      crosstalk). Moreover, the different incorporation routes are
                      shown to reveal different outcomes and demonstrate the
                      complexity and sensitivity of W incorporation.},
      cin          = {IMD-4},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IMD-4-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001268402600001},
      doi          = {10.1002/smsc.202400135},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1030118},
}