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@ARTICLE{Benitez:1030186,
      author       = {Benitez, Alicia and Wulf, Christina and Steubing, Bernhard
                      and Geldermann, Jutta},
      title        = {{S}cenario-based {LCA} for assessing the future
                      environmental impacts of wind offshore energy: {A}n
                      exemplary analysis for a 9.5-{MW} wind turbine in {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Energy, Sustainability and Society},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2192-0567},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-05244},
      pages        = {49},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Offshore wind energy (OWE) will play a significant role in
                      achieving climate neutrality. For example, several scenarios
                      for Germany (e.g., Kopernikus base, Kopernikus 1.5 degree,
                      Prognos CN65, and CN60) depict substantial OWE annual
                      installed capacity additions, especially after 2030. This
                      tendency promotes OWE technology development as deployment
                      expands, allowing manufacturers to gain expertise and
                      optimize wind turbine construction. The global trend towards
                      ever-larger components (e.g., hub height and rotor diameter)
                      is critical to achieving higher-rated capacities. These
                      aspects and others, such as wind quality, influence not only
                      OWE annual electricity production but also its environmental
                      performance. In addition, future supply chains might reduce
                      their environmental impacts and enhance OWE climate change
                      mitigation. In this paper, a prospective life cycle
                      assessment (pLCA) is developed and applied exemplarily for a
                      9.5-MW offshore wind turbine (OWT) on the North Sea coast of
                      Germany for the years 2030 and 2050. Considering that the
                      current OWTs under construction in Europe have an average
                      capacity of 10 MW, Germany plans to instal OWTs of 9.5-MW.
                      This exemplary OWT describes the potential advances for
                      offshore wind turbines in 2030 and 2050, considering
                      component scale-up and learning effects. Yet, the
                      methodology is adaptable to various installed capacities and
                      regions. This approach allows us to analyse not only the
                      potential future characteristics of wind turbines, but also
                      future developments in OWE supply chains. Therefore,
                      relevant parameters related to OWT construction and
                      operation (e.g., rotor diameter, hub height, distance to the
                      shore, lifetime, etc.) as well as prospective life cycle
                      inventory data for background systems that reflect potential
                      future developments in the broader economy are considered.
                      In this way, scenarios (e.g., optimistic, moderate, and
                      pessimistic) for OWE elucidate the expected environmental
                      impacts, such as climate change, marine eutrophication, and
                      abiotic depletion potential, in 2030 and 2050.The findings
                      describe the variability of the environmental impacts of a
                      9.5-MW offshore wind turbine representing the technologies
                      expected to be available in Germany in 2030 and 2050 and
                      show that climate change impacts could vary between 7 and 18
                      g CO2-eq per kWh produced in 2030 and between 5 and 17 g
                      CO2-eq per kWh in 2050. However, marine eutrophication could
                      experience a significant increase $(100\%$ increase),
                      depending on the consideration of hydrogen as a fuel in the
                      electricity mix, as demonstrated in the climate-neutral
                      scenarios adopted for Germany. Overall, construction
                      efficiency improvements in 2050 might reduce the required
                      materials, leading to a $6\%$ decrease in abiotic depletion
                      potential compared to 2030 values.This paper highlights the
                      need to consider temporal improvements in LCA studies,
                      particularly when assessing the environmental impacts of
                      offshore wind turbines. The complex nature and rapid growth
                      of offshore wind technology require a comprehensive life
                      cycle approach to deepen our understanding of its potential
                      environmental impacts.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001290252400001},
      doi          = {10.1186/s13705-024-00474-z},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1030186},
}