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@ARTICLE{Kopsch:1030917,
      author       = {Kopsch, Markus Alexander and Lebendig, Florian and
                      Yazhenskikh, Elena and Amado-Fierro, Álvaro and Centeno,
                      Teresa and Müller, Michael},
      title        = {{E}ffect of {HTC} and {W}ater-{L}eaching of {L}ow-{G}rade
                      {B}iomasses on the {R}elease {B}ehavior of {I}norganic
                      {C}onstituents in a {C}alcium {L}ooping {G}asification
                      {P}rocess at 650 °{C}},
      journal      = {Energy $\&$ fuels},
      volume       = {38},
      number       = {17},
      issn         = {0887-0624},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-05511},
      pages        = {16504 - 16519},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {The release of alkali metals (K, Na) and non-metals (S, Cl)
                      during a Calcium Looping (CaL) Gasification Process of waste
                      derived-hydrochars, water-leached samples and CaO-biomass
                      blends was investigated. Special attention was paid to
                      biomasses that are not particularly promising for
                      gasification requirements but have a large occurrence in
                      Europe, including Grape Bagasse, Organic Fraction of
                      Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), Green Waste, and Out-of-use
                      woods from construction debris and discarded furniture. The
                      release experiments were performed at 650 °C in a flow
                      channel reactor to investigate the behavior of inorganic
                      trace substances. Hot-gas analysis was performed by
                      Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry (MBMS). Thermodynamic
                      equilibrium calculations via FactSage indicate H2S, carbonyl
                      sulfide (COS), KCl, NaCl, and HCl as the main inorganic
                      impurities. Thus, the focus of the experiments was placed on
                      these species. It was found that the concentrations of trace
                      elements released during gasification at 650 °C, such as
                      H2S, SO2, KCl, or NaCl, are hardly affected by intense
                      water-leaching. In contrast, carbonaceous materials from
                      hydrothermal carbonization exhibit a higher concentration of
                      potassium trace substances (K, KCl, and K2Cl+). When biomass
                      samples are combined with CaO, the total amount of inorganic
                      trace compounds (K-, Na-, and S-compounds) in the resulting
                      syngas could be decreased.},
      cin          = {IMD-1},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IMD-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {1232 - Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123) / 1241 -
                      Gas turbines (POF4-124) / GICO - Gasification Integrated
                      with CO2 capture and conversion (101006656)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1241 /
                      G:(EU-Grant)101006656},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {39257466},
      UT           = {WOS:001296675700001},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c02833},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1030917},
}