% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@INPROCEEDINGS{Salwa:1030944,
      author       = {Salwa, Yasmeen Neyaz and Schiek, Michael and Ashok, Arun
                      and Grewing, Christian and Ebrahimzadeh, Pezhman and
                      Zambanini, Andre and van Waasen, Stefan},
      title        = {{E}xploring {C}oupled {O}scillator {N}etworks with
                      {H}ighly-{C}onfigurable {I}ntegrated {C}ircuit {D}esigns},
      school       = {University of Duisburg Essen},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-05535},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {The analysis of the complex dynamics of coupled oscillator
                      networks is crucial not only for the understanding of
                      corresponding systems in biology (i.e., brain dynamics) but
                      also for our technical world (e.g., the stability of power
                      grids). Moreover, this knowledge paves the way to use
                      coupled oscillator systems for bio-inspired computing. Both
                      analytical methods and, in particular, numerical simulations
                      have provided fundamental insights into the existence and
                      coexistence of synchronization states and different symmetry
                      breaking in completely symmetrical oscillator networks such
                      as chimera states or solitary states [1]. For example, the
                      influence of the coupling strength and the phase shift in
                      the coupling on the network dynamics was investigated in
                      detail [2]. However, despite the computing power of modern
                      computers available today, there are limits to analyzing
                      very large networks and their transient or adaptive dynamic
                      over very long periods using numerical simulations. A way to
                      overcome these restrictions is to perform experiments with
                      physical implementations of large-scale coupled oscillator
                      systems using state-of-the-art integrated circuit
                      technology. Most of the recently presented developments
                      focus on bio-inspired computing applications and thus are
                      rather restricted concerning the configurability of network
                      topology and coupling terms [3]. To mimic the response of
                      real-world oscillatory networks like power grids to varying
                      external and internal conditions, one needs to be able to
                      change coupling topology and coupling terms of the physical
                      implemented during the experiment, i.e., ‘on the fly’.
                      In our proposed integrated circuit system designed in a 28
                      nm CMOS technology, we employ an architecture, organizing
                      oscillators into clusters with adjustable all-to-all
                      coupling within each cluster. A high level of
                      configurability allows for programmable coupling terms
                      (phase shift and coupling strength) within and between the
                      clusters. The oscillators are realized by type 2 Phase
                      Locked Loop (PLL) circuits of third order. The
                      voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) are implemented using
                      ring oscillators, which are well-known standard CMOS
                      building blocks. The connectivity among the PLLs is studied
                      with two alternative approaches, either by employing
                      multiple phase and frequency detectors (PFD) and logic gates
                      leading to the charge pump node or with multiple charge
                      pumps directed towards a VCO node. The eigenfrequency of the
                      nodes can be configured individually, typically lying in the
                      range of 10 MHz. External inputs can be fed into dedicated
                      nodes by either modulating the frequency or initialization
                      of phrases of the controlled oscillators. The system
                      dynamics are determined during operation in terms of phase
                      and frequency synchronization within and between the
                      clusters and this information is available in real-time,
                      e.g., for control purposes. The proposed system is very well
                      suited for exploring the complex long-term dynamics of
                      large-scale oscillator networks.[1] Maistrenko, Y.,
                      Penkovsky, B., $\&$ Rosenblum, M.; Physical Review E
                      (2014).[2] Ebrahimzadeh, P., Schiek, M., $\&$ Maistrenko,
                      Y.; CHAOS (2022)[3] Csaba, G., $\&$ Porod, W.; Applied
                      physics reviews (2020)},
      month         = {Jul},
      date          = {2024-07-28},
      organization  = {XLIV- Dynamic Days conference 2024,
                       Bremen (Germany), 28 Jul 2024 - 2 Aug
                       2024},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {ZEA-2 / PGI-14},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-14-20210412},
      pnm          = {5234 - Emerging NC Architectures (POF4-523) / BMBF
                      16ME0398K - Verbundprojekt: Neuro-inspirierte Technologien
                      der künstlichen Intelligenz für die Elektronik der Zukunft
                      - NEUROTEC II - (BMBF-16ME0398K)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5234 / G:(DE-82)BMBF-16ME0398K},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2024-05535},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1030944},
}