% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Maroufi:1031627,
      author       = {Maâroufi, Lucie and Hofmann, Diana and Zarfl, Christiane
                      and Hüben, Michael and Pütz, Thomas and Amelung, Wulf},
      title        = {{N}on-extractable residues of perfluorooctanoic acid
                      ({PFOA}) in soil},
      journal      = {Chemosphere},
      volume       = {366},
      issn         = {0045-6535},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-05753},
      pages        = {143422},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances have gained increased
                      attention due to their persistence, ubiquitous presence in
                      the environment, and toxicity. We hypothesised that the
                      formation of non-extractable residues [NER] occurs in soils
                      and contributes to the overall persistence of these priority
                      pollutants, and that NER formation is controlled by
                      temperature. To test these hypotheses, we used 14C-labelled
                      perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] as target compound, added it
                      to two arable soils (Cambisol, Luvisol), and incubated them
                      at 10°C and 20°C in the dark. To support potential
                      co-metabolic decomposition, some samples were additionally
                      fed with glucose to enhance microbial activity. The PFOA
                      residues were then sequentially extracted using 0.01 M
                      CaCl2, followed by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with
                      methanol or methanol/acetic acid after 0, 1, 3, 9, 30, 62,
                      and 90 days of incubation. In addition, we monitored the
                      release of 14C into the gas phase as well as [14C]-PFOA-NER
                      after dry combustion and liquid scintillation counting.
                      After 90 days, we found that the [14C]-PFOA content declined
                      in the extraction order of CaCl2 ((bio)available fraction) >
                      ASE (residual fraction) > NER > gas fraction), with most
                      rapid changes occurring in the first 9 days of incubation.
                      NER formation was different in the two soils and reached
                      $5-9\%$ of the applied amount in the Cambisol and Luvisol,
                      respectively. Noteworthy the proportion of 14C-PFOA in the
                      (bio)available fraction remained relatively stable over time
                      at $56-62\%$ of the applied amount, indicating the
                      reversible transfer into this fraction from a
                      bi-exponentially declining residual (ASE) pool. These
                      dissipation patterns were neither influenced by temperature
                      nor by the addition of glucose. We conclude that NER exist
                      for PFOA, but that the majority of PFOA remains in
                      (bio)available form, thus maintaining toxicity and mobility
                      in soil for prolonged periods of time.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143422},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1031627},
}