% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Noble:1034042,
      author       = {Noble, Phoebe E. and Rhode, Sebastian and Hindley, Neil P.
                      and Berthelemy, Peter and Moffat-Griffin, Tracy and Preusse,
                      Peter and Hoffmann, Lars and Wright, Corwin J.},
      title        = {{E}xploring {S}ources of {G}ravity {W}aves in the
                      {S}outhern {W}inter {S}tratosphere {U}sing 3‐{D}
                      {S}atellite {O}bservations and {B}ackward {R}ay‐{T}racing},
      journal      = {JGR / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {129},
      number       = {23},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-06872},
      pages        = {e2024JD041294},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {During austral winter, the southern high latitudes has some
                      of the most intense stratospheric gravity wave (GW) activity
                      globally. However, producing accurate representations of GW
                      dynamics in this region in numerical models has proved
                      exceptionally challenging. One reason for this is that
                      questions remain regarding the relative contributions of
                      orographic and non-orographic sources of GWs here. We use
                      three-dimensional (3-D) satellite GW observations from the
                      Atmospheric Infrared Sounder in austral winter 2012 in
                      combination with the Gravity-wave Regional Or Global Ray
                      Tracer to backward trace GW rays to their sources. We trace
                      over 14.2 million rays, through ERA5 reanalysis background
                      atmosphere, to their lower atmospheric sources. We find that
                      GWs observed thousands of km downstream can be traced back
                      to key orographic regions, and that on average, all waves
                      (orographic and non-orographic) converge meridionally over
                      the Southern Ocean. We estimate that across this winter,
                      orographic sources contribute around $5\%–35\%$ to the
                      total momentum flux (MF) observed near 60S. The remaining
                      proportion consists of waves from non-orographic sources,
                      which although typically carry lower MF, the large spatial
                      extent of non-orographic sources leads to a higher overall
                      contribution. We also quantify the proportion of MF traced
                      back to different regions across the whole southern high
                      latitudes area in order to measure the relative importance
                      of these different regions. These results provide the
                      important insights needed to advance our knowledge of the
                      atmospheric momentum budget in the southern high latitudes.},
      cin          = {ICE-4 / JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICE-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / 2112 - Climate
                      Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001371040400001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2024JD041294},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1034042},
}