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@INPROCEEDINGS{Brogi:1034155,
      author       = {Brogi, Cosimo and Dombrowski, Olga and Bogena, Heye Reemt
                      and Hendricks-Franssen, Harrie-Jan and Swenson, Sean and
                      Pisinaras, Vassilios and Panagopoulos, Andreas},
      title        = {{N}ovel assessment and development of land surface
                      modelling for irrigation schemes in {M}editerranean apple
                      orchards},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-06966},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Land-surface models (LSM) that simulate agricultural
                      systems can provide key support for decision makers in
                      precision irrigation and in the management of water
                      resources under different climate scenarios. An accurate
                      representation of irrigation in LSM is also crucial to
                      understand how irrigation practices influence
                      land-atmosphere processes from regional to global scale.
                      Irrigation practices are increasingly integrated into LSM.
                      However, challenges such as lack of data for model
                      development and validation undermine the possibility to
                      evolve current LSM into precision irrigation applications as
                      well as into decision-making tools at the catchment scale
                      and beyond.In this study, we used the Community Land Model
                      version 5 (CLM5) and assessed the representation of
                      irrigation practices and consequent effect on crop yield in
                      the model using a) the existing irrigation scheme of CLM5
                      and b) a novel irrigation data stream that allows to
                      directly use observed irrigation data. Additionally, we used
                      CLM5 to investigate irrigation requirements as well as the
                      effect of deficit irrigation on crop yield and crop water
                      use efficiency (CWUE) at the catchment scale (~45 km2).
                      Model validation was supported by two highly instrumented
                      apple orchards located in Agia (Greece) within the Pinios
                      Hydrologic Observatory (PHO). From 2020, an ATMOS41
                      all-in-one climate station for monitoring meteorological
                      data and a SoilNet sensor network for measuring soil
                      moisture and matrix potential at various depths across 12
                      locations with SMT100 and TEROS21 sensors were used in both
                      orchards. Additionally, a System SP cosmic-ray neutron
                      sensor (CRNS) was installed in the centre of each field to
                      monitor the field-averaged soil moisture, and several water
                      meters were used to monitor irrigation rates in the
                      orchards. Finally, one field was equipped with six SFM-1
                      sapflow sensors to estimate whole-tree transpiration and
                      with six SnapShot Cloud 4G remote outdoor cameras.We found
                      that the novel irrigation data stream outperformed the
                      existing scheme in terms of soil moisture simulation, even
                      when the latter was manually adjusted to better mimic actual
                      irrigation practices. However, both methods resulted in
                      similar harvest predictions. Nonetheless, the fact that the
                      existing scheme lacks the necessary flexibility to represent
                      specific irrigation practices can have important
                      implications for the simulation of infiltration, runoff, and
                      sensible and latent heat fluxes. Furthermore, a 25 $\%$
                      irrigation reduction had negligible effect on simulated
                      yield and CWUE at the catchment scale, while a 50 $\%$
                      reduction negatively affected both yield and CWUE depending
                      on climatic conditions, soil properties, and irrigation
                      timing (on average -30 $\%$ and -17 $\%,$ respectively).
                      Although further process representations, such as the
                      potential impact of deficit irrigation on crop quality, have
                      yet to be implemented in CLM5, our results clearly show how
                      CLM5 could be utilized for irrigation and water resources
                      management at the field and catchment scales.},
      month         = {Apr},
      date          = {2024-04-15},
      organization  = {European Geoscience Union General
                       Assembly, Vienna (Austria), 15 Apr 2024
                       - 19 Apr 2024},
      subtyp        = {Other},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217) / DFG project G:(GEPRIS)357874777 - FOR 2694:
                      Large-Scale and High-Resolution Mapping of Soil Moisture on
                      Field and Catchment Scales - Boosted by Cosmic-Ray Neutrons
                      (357874777) / ATLAS - Agricultural Interoperability and
                      Analysis System (857125)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173 / G:(GEPRIS)357874777 /
                      G:(EU-Grant)857125},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      doi          = {10.5194/egusphere-egu24-17532},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1034155},
}