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@ARTICLE{Zhang:1034880,
      author       = {Zhang, Tongyi and Zhao, Xin and Yeo, B. T. Thomas and Huo,
                      Xiaoning and Eickhoff, Simon B. and Chen, Ji},
      title        = {{L}everaging {S}tacked {C}lassifiers for {M}ulti-task
                      {E}xecutive {F}unction in {S}chizophrenia {Y}ields
                      {D}iagnostic and {P}rognostic {I}nsights},
      journal      = {medRxiv},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-00003},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Cognitive impairment is a central characteristic of
                      schizophrenia. Executive functioning (EF) impairments are
                      often seen in mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia,
                      where they relate to adverse outcomes. As a heterogeneous
                      construct, how specifically each dimension of EF to
                      characterize the diagnostic and prognostic aspects of
                      schizophrenia remains opaque. We used classification models
                      with a stacking approach on systematically measured EFs to
                      discriminate 195 patients with schizophrenia from healthy
                      individuals. Baseline EF measurements were moreover employed
                      to predict symptomatically remitted or non-remitted
                      prognostic subgroups. EF feature importance was determined
                      at the group-level and the ensuing individual importance
                      scores were associated with four symptom dimensions. EF
                      assessments of inhibitory control (interference and response
                      inhibitions), followed by working memory, evidently
                      predicted schizophrenia diagnosis (area under the curve
                      [AUC]=0.87) and remission status (AUC=0.81). The models
                      highlighted the importance of interference inhibition or
                      working memory updating in accurately identifying
                      individuals with schizophrenia or those in remission. These
                      identified patients had high-level negative symptoms at
                      baseline and those who remitted showed milder cognitive
                      symptoms at follow-up, without differences in baseline EF or
                      symptom severity compared to non-remitted patients. Our work
                      indicates that impairments in specific EF dimensions in
                      schizophrenia are differentially linked to individual
                      symptom-load and prognostic outcomes. Thus, assessments and
                      models based on EF may be a promising tool that can aid in
                      the clinical evaluation of this disorder.},
      cin          = {INM-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-7-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)25},
      doi          = {10.1101/2024.12.05.24318587},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1034880},
}