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@ARTICLE{Speer:1037258,
      author       = {Speer, Sebastian and Jovanovic, Sven and Merlen, Alexandre
                      and Bartoli, Francesco and Kiran, Kiran and Wolf, Niklas and
                      Karl, André and Jodat, Eva and Eichel, Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{L}aser induced oxidation {R}aman spectroscopy as an
                      analysis tool for iridium-based oxygen evolution catalysts},
      journal      = {Physical chemistry, chemical physics},
      volume       = {0},
      issn         = {1463-9076},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-00591},
      pages        = {0},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The study of degradation behavior of electrocatalysts in an
                      industrial context calls for rapid and efficient analysis
                      methods. Optical methods like Raman spectroscopy fulfil
                      these requirements and are thus predestined for this
                      purpose. However, the iridium utilized in proton exchange
                      membrane electrolysis (PEMEL) is Raman inactive in its
                      metallic state. This work demonstrates the high oxidation
                      sensitivity of iridium and its utilization in analysis of
                      catalyst materials. Laser induced oxidation Raman
                      spectroscopy (LIORS) is established as a novel method for
                      qualitative, chemical and structural analysis of iridium
                      catalysts. Differences in particle sizes of iridium powders
                      drastically change oxidation sensitivity. Oxidation of the
                      iridium powders to IrO2 occurred at a laser power density of
                      0.47 ± 0.06 mW μm−2 for the 850 μm powder and at 0.12
                      ± 0.06 mW μm−2 and 0.019 ± 0.015 mW μm−2 for the 50
                      μm and 0.7–0.9 μm powders respectively. LIORS was
                      utilized to assess possible deterioration of an iridium
                      electrocatalyst due to operation under electrolysis. The
                      operating electrocatalyst exhibited higher oxidation
                      sensitivity, suggesting smaller iridium particle size due to
                      catalyst dissolution. Peak shifts of the IrO2 signal were
                      utilized to assess differences in transformation
                      temperatures. The operated electrocatalyst transformed to
                      IrO2 at lower temperature (8 cm−1 redshift) relative to
                      the pristine catalyst (10 cm−1 redshift), demonstrating
                      that pre-oxidation of the iridium to amorphous IrOx during
                      electrolysis diminishes the energy barrier needed for IrO2
                      formation. Thus, LIORS can be utilized as a straightforward
                      screening method for the analysis of iridium
                      electrocatalysts in the industrial application of PEMEL.},
      cin          = {IET-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-1-20110218},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123) / SEGIWA -
                      Verbundvorhabenn $H2Giga_TP1a_SEGIWA:$ Online Analytik für
                      die Serienproduktion von Elektrolyseuren im Gigawatt-Bereich
                      (BMBF-03HY121B)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231 / G:(DE-Juel1)BMBF-03HY121B},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {39807029},
      UT           = {WOS:001395874600001},
      doi          = {10.1039/D4CP03592E},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1037258},
}