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@ARTICLE{Vadas:1037638,
      author       = {Vadas, Sharon L. and Becker, Erich and Bossert, Katrina and
                      Hozumi, Yuta and Stober, Gunter and Harvey, V. Lynn and
                      Baumgarten, Gerd and Hoffmann, Lars},
      title        = {{T}he {R}ole of the {P}olar {V}ortex {J}et for {S}econdary
                      and {H}igher‐{O}rder {G}ravity {W}aves in the {N}orthern
                      {M}esosphere and {T}hermosphere {D}uring 11–14 {J}anuary
                      2016},
      journal      = {JGR / Space physics},
      volume       = {129},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {0196-6928},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-00803},
      pages        = {e2024JA032521},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {We analyze the gravity waves (GWs) from the ground to the
                      thermosphere during 11–14 January 2016 using the nudged HI
                      Altitude Mechanistic general Circulation Model. We find that
                      the entrance, core and exit regions of the polar vortex jet
                      are important for generating primary GWs and amplifying GWs
                      from below. These primary GWs dissipate in the upper
                      stratosphere/lower mesosphere and deposit momentum there;
                      the atmosphere responds by generating secondary GWs. This
                      process is repeated, resulting in medium to large-scale
                      higher-order, thermospheric GWs. We find that the amplitudes
                      of the secondary/higher-order GWs from sources below the
                      polar vortex jet are exponentially magnified. The
                      higher-order, thermospheric GWs have concentric ring,
                      arc-like and planar structures, and spread out latitudinally
                      to 10 − 90°N. Those GWs with the largest amplitudes
                      propagate against the background wind. Some of the
                      higher-order GWs generated over Europe propagate over the
                      Arctic region then southward over the US to ∼15–20°N
                      daily at ∼14 − 24 UT (∼9 − 16 LT) due to the
                      favorable background wind. These GWs have horizontal
                      wavelengths λH ∼ 200 − 2,200 km, horizontal phase
                      speeds cH ∼ 165 − 260 m/s, and periods τr ∼ 0.3 −
                      2.4 hr. Such GWs could be misidentified as being generated
                      by auroral activity. The large-scale, higher-order GWs are
                      generated in the lower thermosphere and propagate
                      southwestward daily across the northern mid-thermosphere at
                      ∼8–16 LT with λH ∼ 3,000 km and cH ∼ 650 m/s. We
                      compare the simulated GWs with those observed by AIRS,
                      VIIRS/DNB, lidar and meteor radars and find reasonable to
                      good agreement. Thus the polar vortex jet is important for
                      facilitating the global generation of medium to large-scale,
                      higher-order thermospheric GWs via multi-step vertical
                      coupling.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {520},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001311665400001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2024JA032521},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1037638},
}