% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded. This means that in the presence % of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older. % Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or % “biber”. @ARTICLE{Aguilar:1037648, author = {Aguilar, M. and Ali Cavasonza, L. and Alpat, B. and Ambrosi, G. and Arruda, L. and Attig, N. and Bagwell, C. and Barao, F. and Barrin, L. and Bartoloni, A. and Başeğmez-du Pree, S. and Battiston, R. and Belyaev, N. and Berdugo, J. and Bertucci, B. and Bindi, V. and Bollweg, K. and Bolster, J. and Borchiellini, M. and Borgia, B. and Boschini, M. J. and Bourquin, M. and Bueno, E. F. and Burger, J. and Burger, W. J. and Cai, X. D. and Capell, M. and Casaus, J. and Castellini, G. and Cervelli, F. and Chang, Y. H. and Chen, G. M. and Chen, G. R. and Chen, H. and Chen, H. S. and Chen, Y. and Cheng, L. and Chou, H. Y. and Chouridou, S. and Choutko, V. and Chung, C. H. and Clark, C. and Coignet, G. and Consolandi, C. and Contin, A. and Corti, C. and Cui, Z. and Dadzie, K. and Dass, A. and Delgado, C. and Della Torre, S. and Demirköz, M. B. and Derome, L. and Di Falco, S. and Di Felice, V. and Díaz, C. and Dimiccoli, F. and von Doetinchem, P. and Dong, F. and Donnini, F. and Duranti, M. and Egorov, A. and Eline, A. and Faldi, F. and Feng, J. and Fiandrini, E. and Fisher, P. and Formato, V. and Gámez, C. and García-López, R. J. and Gargiulo, C. and Gast, H. and Gervasi, M. and Giovacchini, F. and Gómez-Coral, D. M. and Gong, J. and Goy, C. and Grabski, V. and Grandi, D. and Graziani, M. and Guracho, A. N. and Haino, S. and Han, K. C. and Hashmani, R. K. and He, Z. H. and Heber, B. and Hsieh, T. H. and Hu, J. Y. and Huang, B. W. and Incagli, M. and Jang, W. Y. and Jia, Yi and Jinchi, H. and Karagöz, G. and Khiali, B. and Kim, G. N. and Kirn, Th. and Kounina, O. and Kounine, A. and Koutsenko, V. and Krasnopevtsev, D. and Kuhlman, A. and Kulemzin, A. and La Vacca, G. and Laudi, E. and Laurenti, G. and LaVecchia, G. and Lazzizzera, I. and Lee, H. T. and Lee, S. C. and Li, H. L. and Li, J. Q. and Li, M. and Li, M. and Li, Q. and Li, Q. and Li, Q. Y. and Li, S. and Li, S. L. and Li, J. H. and Li, Z. H. and Liang, J. and Liang, M. J. and Lin, C. H. and Lippert, T. and Liu, J. H. and Lu, S. Q. and Lu, Y. S. and Luebelsmeyer, K. and Luo, J. Z. and Luo, S. D. and Luo, Xi and Machate, F. and Mañá, C. and Marín, J. and Marquardt, J. and Martin, T. and Martínez, G. and Masi, N. and Maurin, D. and Medvedeva, T. and Menchaca-Rocha, A. and Meng, Q. and Mikhailov, V. V. and Molero, M. and Mott, P. and Mussolin, L. and Negrete, J. and Nikonov, N. and Nozzoli, F. and Ocampo-Peleteiro, J. and Oliva, A. and Orcinha, M. and Ottupara, M. A. and Palermo, M. and Palmonari, F. and Paniccia, M. and Pashnin, A. and Pauluzzi, M. and Pensotti, S. and Plyaskin, V. and Poluianov, S. and Qin, X. and Qu, Z. Y. and Quadrani, L. and Rancoita, P. G. and Rapin, D. and Reina Conde, A. and Robyn, E. and Romaneehsen, L. and Rozhkov, A. and Rozza, D. and Sagdeev, R. and Schael, S. and Schultz von Dratzig, A. and Schwering, G. and Seo, E. S. and Shan, B. S. and Siedenburg, T. and Song, J. W. and Song, X. J. and Sonnabend, R. and Strigari, L. and Su, T. and Sun, Q. and Sun, Z. T. and Tacconi, M. and Tang, X. W. and Tang, Z. C. and Tian, J. and Tian, Y. and Ting, Samuel C. C. and Ting, S. M. and Tomassetti, N. and Torsti, J. and Urban, T. and Usoskin, I. and Vagelli, V. and Vainio, R. and Valencia-Otero, M. and Valente, E. and Valtonen, E. and Vázquez Acosta, M. and Vecchi, M. and Velasco, M. and Vialle, J. P. and Wang, C. X. and Wang, L. and Wang, L. Q. and Wang, N. H. and Wang, Q. L. and Wang, S. and Wang, X. and Wang, Yu and Wang, Z. M. and Wei, J. and Weng, Z. L. and Wu, H. and Wu, Y. and Xiao, J. N. and Xiong, R. Q. and Xiong, X. Z. and Xu, W. and Yan, Q. and Yang, H. T. and Yang, Y. and Yashin, I. I. and Yelland, A. and Yi, H. and You, Y. H. and Yu, Y. M. and Yu, Z. Q. and Zannoni, M. and Zhang, C. and Zhang, F. and Zhang, F. Z. and Zhang, J. and Zhang, J. H. and Zhang, Z. and Zhao, F. and Zheng, C. and Zheng, Z. M. and Zhuang, H. L. and Zhukov, V. and Zichichi, A. and Zuccon, P.}, title = {{P}roperties of {C}osmic-{R}ay {S}ulfur and {D}etermination of the {C}omposition of {P}rimary {C}osmic-{R}ay {C}arbon, {N}eon, {M}agnesium, and {S}ulfur: {T}en-{Y}ear {R}esults from the {A}lpha {M}agnetic {S}pectrometer}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {130}, number = {21}, issn = {0031-9007}, address = {College Park, Md.}, publisher = {APS}, reportid = {FZJ-2025-00813}, pages = {211002}, year = {2023}, abstract = {We report the properties of primary cosmic-ray sulfur (S) in the rigidity range 2.15 GV to 3.0 TV based on 0.38×106 sulfur nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment (AMS). We observed that above 90 GV the rigidity dependence of the S flux is identical to the rigidity dependence of Ne-Mg-Si fluxes, which is different from the rigidity dependence of the He-C-O-Fe fluxes. We found that, similar to N, Na, and Al cosmic rays, over the entire rigidity range, the traditional primary cosmic rays S, Ne, Mg, and C all have sizeable secondary components, and the S, Ne, and Mg fluxes are well described by the weighted sum of the primary silicon flux and the secondary fluorine flux, and the C flux is well described by the weighted sum of the primary oxygen flux and the secondary boron flux. The primary and secondary contributions of the traditional primary cosmic-ray fluxes of C, Ne, Mg, and S (even 𝑍 elements) are distinctly different from the primary and secondary contributions of the N, Na, and Al (odd 𝑍 elements) fluxes. The abundance ratio at the source for S/Si is 0.167±0.006, for Ne/Si is 0.833±0.025, for Mg/Si is 0.994 ±0.029, and for C/O is 0.836 ±0.025. These values are determined independent of cosmic-ray propagation.}, cin = {JSC}, ddc = {530}, cid = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406}, pnm = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / 5112 - Cross-Domain Algorithms, Tools, Methods Labs (ATMLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / 5121 - Supercomputing $\&$ Big Data Facilities (POF4-512) / 5122 - Future Computing $\&$ Big Data Systems (POF4-512)}, pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5112 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5121 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5122}, typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16}, pubmed = {37295095}, UT = {WOS:001025975200016}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.211002}, url = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1037648}, }