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@INPROCEEDINGS{Hess:1037738,
      author       = {Hess, Steffen and Zhang, Shidong and Kadyk, Thomas and
                      Lehnert, Werner and Eikerling, Michael and Beale, Steven B.},
      title        = {{N}umerical {T}wo-{P}hase {S}imulations of {A}lkaline
                      {W}ater {E}lectrolyzers},
      issn         = {2151-2043},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-00898},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE) have several advantages
                      over other types of electrolyzers, including their high
                      efficiency and especially their relatively low cost due to
                      the usage of non-precious metal catalysts, such as nickel
                      and iron, for the electrodes. Information about local
                      quantities and physical phenomena such as the formation of
                      gas bubbles, current densities, temperatures or local
                      species concentrations within a running cell are important
                      for their improvement. Multiphysical computational fluid
                      dynamics (CFD) simulations of electrochemical components
                      using detailed three-dimensional models can provide valuable
                      insight on local behaviors and characteristics that are
                      difficult or impossible to measure experimentally.This work
                      extends the CFD library openFuelCell21, which has been
                      implemented using the open-source platform OpenFOAM®, to
                      simulate AWE cells. The model considers the major transport
                      phenomena, including two-phase fluid flow, heat and mass
                      transfer, electrochemical reactions, species transfer and
                      charge transfer in the various functional regions of the
                      cell. It employs an Eulerian-Eulerian approach to
                      characterize the behavior of each phase comprising
                      interphase mass transport, momentum exchange and heat
                      transfer. Appropriate mapping functions are used to couple
                      the physically distinct regions together. A Butler-Volmer
                      equation characterizes the electrochemical reactions that
                      are assumed to occur in electrodes of finite thickness.This
                      model is used to simulate a single zero-gap AWE cell,
                      depicted in Fig. 1, for different operating conditions such
                      as varying temperatures and volumetric flow rates. The
                      conducted studies provide insight into the local formation
                      of the created gas phase (bubbles), the distribution of
                      species within the gas and electrolyte and their impact
                      towards the performance of the running cell. These
                      numerically obtained results are compared to in-house
                      available and gathered experimental data. Figure 1
                      demonstrates that the polarization curves obtained at
                      various temperatures are in good agreement with the
                      experimental data.},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2023-10-08},
      organization  = {244th ECS Meeting, Gothenburg
                       (Sweden), 8 Oct 2023 - 12 Oct 2023},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / IET-4 / IET-3 / IET-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)IET-4-20191129 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IET-3-20190226 / I:(DE-Juel1)IET-1-20110218},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)1},
      doi          = {10.1149/MA2023-02412016mtgabs},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1037738},
}