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@ARTICLE{Siepmann:1037859,
      author       = {Siepmann, Marcel and Yazhenskikh, Elena and Müller,
                      Michael},
      title        = {{INVESTIGATIONS} {ON} {THE} {RELEASE} {OF} {HEAVY} {METALS}
                      {DURING} {THE} {GASIFICATION} {OF} {SIMULATED} {WASTE}
                      {WOOD}},
      journal      = {International journal on energy for a clean environment},
      volume       = {25},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {2150-3621},
      address      = {Redding, Conn.},
      publisher    = {Begell House},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-01002},
      pages        = {113 - 135},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {In recent years, the energy demand is continuously
                      increasing. At the same time, fossil fuels are being
                      progressively replaced by renewables. However, this shift
                      from fossil fuels such as coal to renewable fuels like wood
                      creates new challenges, as many industrial plants continue
                      to rely on legacy fuels. Unlike coal, the elements present
                      in renewable resources can vary greatly. The differences are
                      influenced by a variety of factors. For example, waste wood
                      can be contaminated by different additives (paints, fire
                      retardants and others). To understand under which boundary
                      conditions (e.g. temperature, gasification atmosphere) the
                      respective elements are bound in the ash/slag or released
                      into the gas phase, experiments with a molecular beam mass
                      spectrometer (MBMS) with an upstream electrically heated
                      flow reactor were conducted. Pieces of clean wood were
                      impregnated with various heavy metals and examined under
                      several boundary conditions (temperature and gasification
                      atmosphere). Furthermore, impregnated cellulose partly mixed
                      with single ash components served as model fuel for detailed
                      investigations. Additionally, thermochemical equilibrium
                      calculations were carried out. The results of the
                      experiments show that the release of some heavy metals (Cd,
                      Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) is very strong already at low temperatures,
                      while for others (Cr, Cu) no release can be detected even at
                      high temperatures. The corresponding thermodynamic
                      equilibrium calculations comply with these findings. Since
                      the process management and preparation of the fuels can be
                      adjusted accordingly, these results form an important basis
                      for planning gasification processes using waste wood as
                      fuel.},
      cin          = {IMD-1},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IMD-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {1241 - Gas turbines (POF4-124)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1241},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1615/InterJEnerCleanEnv.2024051708},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1037859},
}