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@ARTICLE{Zhang:1038137,
      author       = {Zhang, Jiyun and Wu, Jianchang and Barabash, Anastasia and
                      DU, Tian and Qiu, Shudi and Le Corre, Vincent Marc and Zhao,
                      Yicheng and Zhang, Kaicheng and Schmitt, Frederik and Peng,
                      Zijian and Tian, Jingjing and Li, Chaohui and Liu, Chao and
                      Heumueller, Thomas and Lüer, Larry and Hauch, Jens and
                      Brabec, Christoph},
      title        = {{P}recise control of process parameters for $\>23\%$
                      efficiency perovskite solar cells in ambient air using an
                      automated device acceleration platform},
      journal      = {Energy $\&$ environmental science},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {15},
      issn         = {1754-5692},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-01184},
      pages        = {5490 - 5499},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Achieving high-performance perovskite photovoltaics,
                      especially in ambient air, is critically dependent on the
                      precise optimization of process parameters. However,
                      traditional manual methods often struggle to effectively
                      control the key variables. This inherent challenge requires
                      a paradigm shift toward automated platforms capable of
                      precise and reproducible experiments. Herein, we use a fully
                      automated device acceleration platform (DAP) to optimize
                      air-processed parameters for preparing perovskite devices
                      using a two-step sequential deposition technique. Over ten
                      process parameters with significant potential to influence
                      device performance are systematically optimized.
                      Specifically, we delve into the impact of the dripping speed
                      of organic ammonium halide, a parameter that is difficult to
                      control manually, on both perovskite film and device
                      performance. Through the targeted design of experiments, we
                      reveal that the dripping speed significantly affects device
                      performance primarily by adjusting the residual PbI2 content
                      in the films. We find that optimal dripping speeds, such as
                      50 µL s−1, contribute to top-performance devices.
                      Conversely, excessively fast or slow speeds result in
                      devices with comparatively poorer performance and lower
                      reproducibility. The optimized parameter set enables us to
                      establish a standard operation procedure (SOP) for
                      additive-free perovskite processing in ambient conditions,
                      which yield devices with efficiencies surpassing $23\%,$
                      satisfactory reproducibility, and state-of-the-art
                      photo-thermal stability. This research underscores the
                      importance of understanding the causality of process
                      parameters in enhancing perovskite photovoltaic performance.
                      Furthermore, our study highlights the pivotal role of
                      automated platforms in discovering innovative workflows and
                      accelerating the development of high-performing perovskite
                      photovoltaic technologies.},
      cin          = {IET-2},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-2-20140314},
      pnm          = {1213 - Cell Design and Development (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1213},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001260870800001},
      doi          = {10.1039/D4EE01432D},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1038137},
}