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@ARTICLE{Stargardt:1038431,
      author       = {Stargardt, Maximilian and Kress, David and Heinrichs, Heidi
                      and Meyer, Jörn-Christian and Linßen, Jochen and Walther,
                      Grit and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{G}lobal {S}hipyard {C}apacities {L}imiting the {R}amp-{U}p
                      of {G}lobal {H}ydrogen {T}ransport},
      publisher    = {arXiv},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-01427},
      isbn         = {doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.10184},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Decarbonizing the global energy system requires significant
                      expansions of renewable energy technologies. Given that
                      cost-effective renewable sources are not necessarily
                      situated in proximity to the largest energy demand centers
                      globally, the maritime transportation of low-carbon energy
                      carriers, such as renewable-based hydrogen or ammonia, will
                      be needed. However, whether existent shipyards possess the
                      required capacity to provide the necessary global fleet has
                      not yet been answered. Therefore, this study estimates
                      global tanker demand based on projections for global
                      hydrogen demand, while comparing these projections with
                      historic shipyard production. Our findings reveal a
                      potential bottleneck until 2033-2039 if relying on liquefied
                      hydrogen exclusively. This bottleneck could be circumvented
                      by increasing local hydrogen production, utilizing
                      pipelines, or liquefied ammonia as an energy carrier for
                      hydrogen. Furthermore, the regional concentration of
                      shipyard locations raises concerns about diversification.
                      Increasing demand for container vessels could substantially
                      hinder the scale-up of maritime hydrogen transport.},
      keywords     = {General Economics (econ.GN) (Other) / FOS: Economics and
                      business (Other)},
      cin          = {ICE-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICE-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {1111 - Effective System Transformation Pathways (POF4-111)
                      / 1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)25 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      doi          = {10.48550/ARXIV.2403.09272},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1038431},
}