001039782 001__ 1039782 001039782 005__ 20250822121437.0 001039782 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3389/fhpcp.2025.1520207 001039782 0247_ $$2datacite_doi$$a10.34734/FZJ-2025-01793 001039782 037__ $$aFZJ-2025-01793 001039782 082__ $$a004 001039782 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)142361$$aSuarez, Estela$$b0$$eCorresponding author$$ufzj 001039782 245__ $$aEnergy-aware operation of HPC systems in Germany 001039782 260__ $$aBeijing$$bFrontiers Media SA$$c2025 001039782 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 001039782 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 001039782 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1745844415_9746 001039782 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 001039782 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 001039782 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 001039782 520__ $$aHigh Performance Computing (HPC) systems are among the most energy-intensive scientific facilities, with electric power consumption reaching and often exceeding 20 Megawatts per installation. Unlike other major scientific infrastructures such as particle accelerators or high-intensity light sources, which are few around the world, the number and size of supercomputers are continuously increasing. Even if every new system generation is more energy efficient than the previous one, the overall growth in size of the HPC infrastructure, driven by a rising demand for computational capacity across all scientific disciplines, and especially by Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, rapidly drives up the energy demand. This challenge is particularly significant for HPC centers in Germany, where high electricity costs, stringent national energy policies, and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability are key factors. This paper describes various state-of-the-art strategies and innovations employed to enhance the energy efficiency of HPC systems within the national context. Case studies from leading German HPC facilities illustrate the implementation of novel heterogeneous hardware architectures, advanced monitoring infrastructures, high-temperature cooling solutions, energy-aware scheduling, and dynamic power management, among other optimisations. By reviewing best practices and ongoing research, this paper aims to share valuable insight with the global HPC community, motivating the pursuit of more sustainable and energy-efficient HPC architectures and operations. 001039782 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5121$$a5121 - Supercomputing & Big Data Facilities (POF4-512)$$cPOF4-512$$fPOF IV$$x0 001039782 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5122$$a5122 - Future Computing & Big Data Systems (POF4-512)$$cPOF4-512$$fPOF IV$$x1 001039782 536__ $$0G:(DE-Juel-1)ATML-X-DEV$$aATML-X-DEV - ATML Accelerating Devices (ATML-X-DEV)$$cATML-X-DEV$$x2 001039782 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef, Journals: juser.fz-juelich.de 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBockelmann, Hendryk$$b1 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)132090$$aEicker, Norbert$$b2 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aEitzinger, Jan$$b3 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)145723$$aEl Sayed Mohamed, Salem$$b4$$ufzj 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)132100$$aFieseler, Thomas$$b5 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFrank, Martin$$b6 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)145804$$aFrech, Peter$$b7 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGiesselmann, Pay$$b8 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHackenberg, Daniel$$b9 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHager, Georg$$b10 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)145478$$aHerten, Andreas$$b11 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aIlsche, Thomas$$b12 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKoller, Bastian$$b13 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLaure, Erwin$$b14 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)132183$$aManzano, Cristina$$b15 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOeste, Sebastian$$b16 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOtt, Michael$$b17 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aReuter, Klaus$$b18 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSchneider, Ralf$$b19 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)161186$$aThust, Kay$$b20 001039782 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)128756$$avon St. Vieth, Benedikt$$b21 001039782 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)3210045-0$$a10.3389/fhpcp.2025.1520207$$gVol. 3, p. 1520207$$p1520207$$tFrontiers in high performance computing$$v3$$x2813-7337$$y2025 001039782 8564_ $$uhttps://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1039782/files/fhpcp-1-1520207.pdf$$yOpenAccess 001039782 8767_ $$d2025-03-10$$eAPC$$jDeposit$$z1806.25 Statement Januar 25 001039782 909CO $$ooai:juser.fz-juelich.de:1039782$$pdnbdelivery$$popenCost$$pVDB$$pdriver$$pOpenAPC$$popen_access$$popenaire 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)142361$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b0$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)132090$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b2$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-HGF)0$$6P:(DE-Juel1)132090$$a Universität Wuppertal$$b2 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)145723$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b4$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)132100$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b5$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-HGF)0$$6P:(DE-HGF)0$$a Karlsruhe Institute of Technology$$b6 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)145804$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b7$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)145478$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b11$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)132183$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b15$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)161186$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b20$$kFZJ 001039782 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)128756$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b21$$kFZJ 001039782 9131_ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-512$$1G:(DE-HGF)POF4-510$$2G:(DE-HGF)POF4-500$$3G:(DE-HGF)POF4$$4G:(DE-HGF)POF$$9G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5121$$aDE-HGF$$bKey Technologies$$lEngineering Digital Futures – Supercomputing, Data Management and Information Security for Knowledge and Action$$vSupercomputing & Big Data Infrastructures$$x0 001039782 9131_ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-512$$1G:(DE-HGF)POF4-510$$2G:(DE-HGF)POF4-500$$3G:(DE-HGF)POF4$$4G:(DE-HGF)POF$$9G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5122$$aDE-HGF$$bKey Technologies$$lEngineering Digital Futures – Supercomputing, Data Management and Information Security for Knowledge and Action$$vSupercomputing & Big Data Infrastructures$$x1 001039782 9141_ $$y2025 001039782 915pc $$0PC:(DE-HGF)0000$$2APC$$aAPC keys set 001039782 915pc $$0PC:(DE-HGF)0001$$2APC$$aLocal Funding 001039782 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0510$$2StatID$$aOpenAccess 001039782 915__ $$0LIC:(DE-HGF)CCBY4$$2HGFVOC$$aCreative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 001039782 920__ $$lyes 001039782 9201_ $$0I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406$$kJSC$$lJülich Supercomputing Center$$x0 001039782 980__ $$ajournal 001039782 980__ $$aVDB 001039782 980__ $$aUNRESTRICTED 001039782 980__ $$aI:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 001039782 980__ $$aAPC 001039782 9801_ $$aAPC 001039782 9801_ $$aFullTexts