TY  - JOUR
AU  - Suarez, Estela
AU  - Bockelmann, Hendryk
AU  - Eicker, Norbert
AU  - Eitzinger, Jan
AU  - El Sayed Mohamed, Salem
AU  - Fieseler, Thomas
AU  - Frank, Martin
AU  - Frech, Peter
AU  - Giesselmann, Pay
AU  - Hackenberg, Daniel
AU  - Hager, Georg
AU  - Herten, Andreas
AU  - Ilsche, Thomas
AU  - Koller, Bastian
AU  - Laure, Erwin
AU  - Manzano, Cristina
AU  - Oeste, Sebastian
AU  - Ott, Michael
AU  - Reuter, Klaus
AU  - Schneider, Ralf
AU  - Thust, Kay
AU  - von St. Vieth, Benedikt
TI  - Energy-aware operation of HPC systems in Germany
JO  - Frontiers in high performance computing
VL  - 3
SN  - 2813-7337
CY  - Beijing
PB  - Frontiers Media SA
M1  - FZJ-2025-01793
SP  - 1520207
PY  - 2025
AB  - High Performance Computing (HPC) systems are among the most energy-intensive scientific facilities, with electric power consumption reaching and often exceeding 20 Megawatts per installation. Unlike other major scientific infrastructures such as particle accelerators or high-intensity light sources, which are few around the world, the number and size of supercomputers are continuously increasing. Even if every new system generation is more energy efficient than the previous one, the overall growth in size of the HPC infrastructure, driven by a rising demand for computational capacity across all scientific disciplines, and especially by Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, rapidly drives up the energy demand. This challenge is particularly significant for HPC centers in Germany, where high electricity costs, stringent national energy policies, and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability are key factors. This paper describes various state-of-the-art strategies and innovations employed to enhance the energy efficiency of HPC systems within the national context. Case studies from leading German HPC facilities illustrate the implementation of novel heterogeneous hardware architectures, advanced monitoring infrastructures, high-temperature cooling solutions, energy-aware scheduling, and dynamic power management, among other optimisations. By reviewing best practices and ongoing research, this paper aims to share valuable insight with the global HPC community, motivating the pursuit of more sustainable and energy-efficient HPC architectures and operations.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
DO  - DOI:10.3389/fhpcp.2025.1520207
UR  - https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1039782
ER  -