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@ARTICLE{Suarez:1039782,
      author       = {Suarez, Estela and Bockelmann, Hendryk and Eicker, Norbert
                      and Eitzinger, Jan and El Sayed Mohamed, Salem and Fieseler,
                      Thomas and Frank, Martin and Frech, Peter and Giesselmann,
                      Pay and Hackenberg, Daniel and Hager, Georg and Herten,
                      Andreas and Ilsche, Thomas and Koller, Bastian and Laure,
                      Erwin and Manzano, Cristina and Oeste, Sebastian and Ott,
                      Michael and Reuter, Klaus and Schneider, Ralf and Thust, Kay
                      and von St. Vieth, Benedikt},
      title        = {{E}nergy-aware operation of {HPC} systems in {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Frontiers in high performance computing},
      volume       = {3},
      issn         = {2813-7337},
      address      = {Beijing},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media SA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-01793},
      pages        = {1520207},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {High Performance Computing (HPC) systems are among the most
                      energy-intensive scientific facilities, with electric power
                      consumption reaching and often exceeding 20 Megawatts per
                      installation. Unlike other major scientific infrastructures
                      such as particle accelerators or high-intensity light
                      sources, which are few around the world, the number and size
                      of supercomputers are continuously increasing. Even if every
                      new system generation is more energy efficient than the
                      previous one, the overall growth in size of the HPC
                      infrastructure, driven by a rising demand for computational
                      capacity across all scientific disciplines, and especially
                      by Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, rapidly drives up
                      the energy demand. This challenge is particularly
                      significant for HPC centers in Germany, where high
                      electricity costs, stringent national energy policies, and a
                      strong commitment to environmental sustainability are key
                      factors. This paper describes various state-of-the-art
                      strategies and innovations employed to enhance the energy
                      efficiency of HPC systems within the national context. Case
                      studies from leading German HPC facilities illustrate the
                      implementation of novel heterogeneous hardware
                      architectures, advanced monitoring infrastructures,
                      high-temperature cooling solutions, energy-aware scheduling,
                      and dynamic power management, among other optimisations. By
                      reviewing best practices and ongoing research, this paper
                      aims to share valuable insight with the global HPC
                      community, motivating the pursuit of more sustainable and
                      energy-efficient HPC architectures and operations.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {004},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5121 - Supercomputing $\&$ Big Data Facilities (POF4-512) /
                      5122 - Future Computing $\&$ Big Data Systems (POF4-512) /
                      ATML-X-DEV - ATML Accelerating Devices (ATML-X-DEV)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5121 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5122 /
                      G:(DE-Juel-1)ATML-X-DEV},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.3389/fhpcp.2025.1520207},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1039782},
}