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@ARTICLE{Kogure:1040621,
      author       = {Kogure, Masaru and Yue, Jia and Chou, Min-Yang and Liu,
                      Huixin and Otsuka, Yuichi and Randall, Cora E and Hoffmann,
                      Lars and Hozumi, Yuta},
      title        = {{C}oincident/{S}imultaneous {O}bservations of
                      {S}tratospheric {C}oncentric {G}ravity {W}aves and
                      {C}oncentric {T}raveling {I}onospheric {D}isturbances {O}ver
                      the {C}ontinental {U}.{S}. in 2022},
      journal      = {JGR / Space physics (0196-6928)},
      volume       = {130},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2169-9402},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-01970},
      pages        = {e2024JA033429},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {This study examines the seasonal distributions of
                      simultaneous stratospheric concentric gravity waves (GWs)
                      observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounders and concentric
                      traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) detected by the
                      ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System Total
                      Electron Content observations over the U.S. in 2022, to
                      illustrate the mesoscale vertical coupling between the lower
                      atmosphere and the ionosphere. We compared epicenters of GWs
                      and TIDs in the stratosphere and ionosphere with
                      tropospheric weather conditions and background winds in the
                      thermosphere. Epicenters of concentric TIDs associated with
                      stratospheric concentric GWs correspond to areas with high
                      convective available potential energy over the central to
                      eastern U.S. (∼60–110°W) in summer and over the
                      southern U.S. (south of ∼40°) in spring and fall.
                      Conversely, in fall to spring, epicenters over the northern
                      U.S. (north of ∼40°) appeared south of regions with high
                      extratropical cyclone activity. These findings suggest that
                      convection was a primary source of concentric GWs driving
                      TIDs over the continental U.S. during all four seasons,
                      although the specific weather phenomena associated with the
                      convection varied by season. Convection over the central to
                      eastern U.S. in summer and the southern U.S. in spring could
                      be linked to thunderstorms. In contrast, convection over the
                      northern U.S. from fall through spring was likely linked to
                      extratropical cyclones. We also found that concentric TIDs
                      were linked to $66\%$ of the stratospheric concentric GW
                      events (195 events in total), underscoring the significant
                      role of convection as a source of TIDs in the lower
                      atmosphere and its contribution to the vertical coupling.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {520},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001467227200001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2024JA033429},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1040621},
}