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@ARTICLE{Unverricht:1040831,
      author       = {Unverricht, Marcus and von Ameln, Marcel and Kriehuber,
                      Ralf},
      title        = {{I}nduction of {C}hromosomal {A}berrations after {E}xposure
                      to the {A}uger {E}lectron {E}mitter {I}odine-125, the
                      β–-emitter {T}ritium and {C}esium-137 γ rays},
      journal      = {Radiation research},
      volume       = {201},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0033-7587},
      address      = {Great Falls, Va.},
      publisher    = {Radiation Research Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-01999},
      pages        = {479-486},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {The biological effectiveness of ionizing radiation
                      dependsnot only on dose or dose rate but also on the LET
                      (linearenergy transfer) of the radiation. For example, a
                      particle withan LET of 100 keV/mm causes a minimum of 15
                      ionizationswhen traversing a single DNA double-helix
                      molecule and,therefore, may induce complex DNA lesions,
                      (1–5) which arerepaired less efficiently or completely
                      (6–8) compared to alower LET radiation, resulting in a
                      higher relative biologicaleffectiveness. When Auger electron
                      emitters (AEE) such asiodine-125 (125I) decay, low-energy
                      Auger electrons with ashort range of 1–10 nm (9) deposit a
                      high amount of energy inan extremely small volume, which is
                      why Auger electronemission is considered as high-LET
                      radiation (10–12). Iodine-125 emits an average of 13
                      low-energy Auger electrons perdecay (13) and is known to
                      induce complex DNA lesionswhen incorporated into DNA (14,
                      15), resulting in high-LETtype effects (e.g., cell survival
                      curves with no shoulder region)(16–18).To investigate
                      whether the complexity of DNA lesionsaffects the formation
                      of chromosomal aberrations (CA),three different radiation
                      qualities were studied, namely 137Csc rays (662 keV),125I
                      incorporated into cellular DNA as 125I-iododeoxyuridine
                      (125I-UdR) and 3H, incorporated into cellu-lar DNA as
                      tritiated thymidine. DNA-incorporated tritiatedthymidine is
                      known to have a slightly increased RBE com-pared to low-LET
                      radiation (19) because of the low energyof the b particles
                      emitted during decay (mean energy of 5.7keV). Energy spectra
                      of 125I Auger electrons show maximumenergies up to 35.4 keV,
                      with most Auger electrons havingvery low energies of
                      20–500 eV (9, 20). To classify the bio-logical
                      effectiveness of the two very different radionuclides,we
                      used c radiation as a reference radiation for comparison.In
                      addition to the impact of varying complexity of DNAlesions
                      induced by the radiation qualities used here on CA,this
                      study also investigates whether the cell cycle phase in1
                      Marcus Unverricht-Yeboah, Forschungszentrum J€ulich,
                      Departmentof Safety and Radiation Protection,
                      Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse J€ulich,Germany; email:
                      m.unverricht@fz-juelich.de.479RADIATION RESEARCH 201,
                      479–486 (2024)0033-7587/24 $15.00Ó2024 by Radiation
                      Research Society.All rights of reproduction in any form
                      reserved.DOI: 10.1667/RADE-23-00158.1Downloaded From:
                      https://bioone.org/journals/Radiation-Research on 23 Jan
                      2026Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-usewhich the
                      exposure occurs has an impact on the inductionof CA. Cell
                      cycle phases differ with respect to 3D chromatinstructure,
                      which may have an impact on the extent of thecomplexity of
                      DNA lesions and/or their repair. Whereaschromatin in S phase
                      and in the transcriptionally active G1phase is relatively
                      relaxed and open, chromatin in G2 phaseand mitosis is more
                      condensed and/or already denselypacked; this is likely the
                      main reason why G2/M cells are themost radiosensitive cells
                      (21). Whether DSBs are convertedinto chromosomal aberrations
                      depends on the fidelity of dif-ferent principal DNA repair
                      pathways: non-homologous endjoining (NHEJ), which is
                      available throughout the cell cycle,and homologous
                      recombination (HR), which is only activein S and G2 phase
                      (22–26).To compare all radiation qualities and to avoid
                      microdo-simetric approaches with rather high dose
                      uncertainties,especially for the low-energy electrons
                      (particularly in thecase of Auger electron emitter (AEE)
                      125I), the induction ofchromosomal aberrations was
                      normalized to induction ofc-H2AX foci, which are widely
                      regarded and accepted asan indicator of DSB (27–30).},
      cin          = {IBI-1 / S-US},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-1-20200312 / I:(DE-Juel1)S-US-20090406},
      pnm          = {5241 - Molecular Information Processing in Cellular Systems
                      (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5241},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {38407403},
      UT           = {WOS:001226507700012},
      doi          = {10.1667/RADE-23-00158.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1040831},
}