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@ARTICLE{Kelsch:1041280,
      author       = {Kelsch, Alexander and Claß, Matthias and Brüggemann,
                      Nicolas},
      title        = {{A}ccuracy and sensitivity of {NH} 3 measurements using the
                      {D}räger {T}ube method},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1867-1381},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-02206},
      pages        = {1519 - 1535},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Regional estimates of ammonia (NH3) emissions are often
                      missing data from heterogeneous or small fields. Areas with
                      no experienced staff or in-field power supply also prevent
                      the use of accurate and fully established
                      micrometeorological measurement techniques. The Dräger Tube
                      method (DTM) is a calibrated open and dynamic chamber
                      method, which requires little training to use and is
                      relatively inexpensive. It uses NH3 detector tubes (Dräger
                      Tubes), an automatic pump, and a chamber system comprised of
                      four stainless-steel chambers connected with PTFE tubing.
                      Even though the DTM is often used in countries such as
                      Germany and China, the detection accuracy, precision and
                      sensitivity have not been tested yet. In order to quantify
                      those for the DTM, we simultaneously measured defined NH3
                      mixing ratios with the Dräger Tubes, with quantum cascade
                      laser spectroscopy (QCLS) (MGA7, MIRO Analytical AG,
                      Switzerland) and with cavity ring-down spectroscopy (G2103,
                      Picarro, Inc., USA). Second, we tested the effects of
                      exchanging the tubing material and heating the tubing under
                      laboratory conditions, as well as PTFE film attachments or
                      wiping of the DTM chamber system with ethanol during outdoor
                      measurements, on performance improvements. Results showed
                      that the Dräger Tubes had a detection limit between 150 and
                      200 ppb, which is 3 to 4 times higher than originally
                      assumed. Dräger Tube concentration measurements also
                      underestimated NH3 concentrations by $43 \%$ to $100 \%$
                      for mixing ratios between 50 and 300 ppb and by $28 \%$
                      to $46 \%$ for mixing ratios between 500 and 1500 ppb.
                      The PTFE tubing material showed similar performance to the
                      polyester–polyurethane tubing material regarding response
                      time, which was further improved by heating the tubing to
                      50 °C. The modifications to the chamber surface and
                      cleaning in the outdoor experiment did not lead to any
                      improvements to the NH3 concentration measurements. The
                      results suggest that the DTM should only be used where
                      alternatives are unfeasible and high NH3 emissions are to be
                      expected. Further assessment of calibrated DTM using
                      reference methods is required for a comprehensive
                      evaluation, and alternative developments for a more
                      appropriate method replacing the DTM in small-plot
                      applications is encouraged.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001455554500001},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-18-1519-2025},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1041280},
}