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@ARTICLE{Wittmann:1042381,
      author       = {Wittmann, Ernst and Buerhop-Lutz, Claudia and Bennett,
                      Savannah and Christlein, Vincent and Hauch, Jens and Brabec,
                      Christoph and Peters, Ian Marius},
      title        = {{PV} {P}olaris – {A}utomated {PV} system {O}rientation
                      {P}rediction},
      journal      = {IEEE photonics journal},
      volume       = {},
      issn         = {1943-0655},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-02552},
      pages        = {1 - 8},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The orientation of a photovoltaic system is an important
                      parameter for power generation and yield predictions. Yet
                      often, the real orientation is unknown. Measuring the
                      orientation manually is time-consuming. This study
                      introduces an automated Monte Carlo Search based algorithm
                      called PV Polaris which is capable of predicting the systems
                      orientation within 18s, with uncertainties of less than 2°
                      in tilt and 4° in azimuth. In terms of accuracy, PV Polaris
                      outperforms other methods such as measurements with a tilt
                      compensated compass or predictions from satellite images.
                      Applicable at module, string and inverter levels, the
                      algorithm only requires power monitoring data as well as an
                      approximate coordinate as input. Additionally, the algorithm
                      can operate inversely to estimate the system's coordinates
                      based on a given orientation. By using this orientation
                      prediction, it was possible to calculate the yearly yield
                      loss due to non-ideal orientation. For photovoltaic systems
                      we investigated, we found that yearly yield increases
                      between $2.3\%$ to $10.3\%$ could be achieved if the PV
                      systems orientation would be optimized.},
      cin          = {IET-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-2-20140314},
      pnm          = {1214 - Modules, stability, performance and specific
                      applications (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1214},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001506590100005},
      doi          = {10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3568887},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1042381},
}