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@ARTICLE{Eberst:1043283,
      author       = {Eberst, Alexander and Xu, Binbin and Bittkau, Karsten and
                      Lambertz, Andreas and Rau, Uwe and Ding, Kaining},
      title        = {{P}erformance improvements through gradient layers in
                      transparent passivating contact solar cells},
      journal      = {Cell reports / Physical science},
      volume       = {6},
      issn         = {2666-3864},
      address      = {Maryland Heights, MO},
      publisher    = {Cell Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-02809},
      pages        = {102658},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Transparent passivating contact solar cells using
                      hydrogenated n-type nanocrystalline silicon carbide
                      (nc-SiC:H(n)) utilize a double-layer stack consisting of one
                      passivation-optimized and one conduction-optimized
                      nc-SiC:H(n) layer. This double-layer configuration limits
                      the fill factor (FF) due to the passivating layer’s low
                      electrical conductivity. This study enhances this structure
                      by introducing a gradient layer that transitions from
                      passivating-like to conducting-like properties. While
                      replacing the passivating layer alone does not improve
                      performance, when combining it with an ultrathin passivating
                      seed layer, the gradient layer effectively balances voltage
                      and FF trade-offs. This results in higher device voltage and
                      FF. Microstructural analysis shows hydrogen content near the
                      crystalline Si interface similar to the double-layer
                      approach but with increased electrical conductivity earlier
                      in the layer stack. These improvements boost both FF and
                      open-circuit voltage by $0.6\%$ absolute and over 4 mV,
                      respectively.},
      cin          = {IMD-3},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IMD-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {1212 - Materials and Interfaces (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1212},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001540265100001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.xcrp.2025.102658},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1043283},
}