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@PHDTHESIS{Feldmann:1043676,
      author       = {Feldmann, Sina},
      title        = {{T}owards {I}mproved {C}ivil {S}afety: {E}xperimental
                      {I}nsights into {I}mpulse {P}ropagation through {C}rowds},
      volume       = {70},
      school       = {Wuppertal},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-02974},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-828-5},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich IAS Series},
      pages        = {xi, 99},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {Dissertation, Wuppertal, 2024},
      abstract     = {Crowds range in size from a few dozen to thousands or even
                      millions of people and convey a sense of community. However,
                      they pose significant risks and dangers to individuals.
                      Investigating the dynamics of crowds is therefore essential
                      to minimise these hazards and avoid potential crowd
                      accidents. Previous research has often neglected the
                      propagation of impulses or the risk of losing balance,
                      although both are considered high-risk scenarios. To address
                      these challenges, laboratory experiments were conducted in
                      which participants standing in crowds of different sizes
                      were pushed forward. The resulting analyses of these
                      experiments were published in three papers that comprise the
                      main part of this dissertation. The first publication
                      provides a quantitative analysis of the relationship between
                      the intensity of impulses and the distance and speed at
                      which impulses propagate. The resulting mathematical
                      equations serve as a valuable tool for understanding impulse
                      propagation in a row of people. The second paper delves
                      deeper into the participants' 3-dimensional movement during
                      impulse propagation. Through analysis of the forward
                      velocity, margin of stability, and distance between
                      participants, individual reactions could be divided into
                      three temporal phases: receiving or passing on the impulse
                      as well as an intermediate phase between these two. The
                      identification of these phases represents a significant
                      contribution to understanding the emergence of various risks
                      such as wave movements and individual falls. The third
                      publication extends the concept of impulse propagation in
                      crowds to a larger scale. It unveils novel information,
                      demonstrating that the initial inter-person distance and
                      impulse intensity are key factors in uencing propagation
                      speed. Additionally, it reveals the occurrence of an
                      absorption effect along long rows. The study concludes with
                      the introduction of heat maps that showcase the magnitude of
                      impulse-induced impacts depending on the position within
                      crowds. Overall, the ndings of these three papers provide
                      valuable insights into impulses and 3D motion propagation in
                      crowds. This enables a more accurate description of human
                      behaviour and contributes to increasing the reliability of
                      models for predicting dangerous situations, which can lead
                      to a significant improvement in civil safety.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2025-02974},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1043676},
}