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@PHDTHESIS{DeLannoye:1044505,
      author       = {De Lannoye, Karen},
      title        = {{T}he tube furnace as a new bench scale experiment for
                      pyrolysis},
      volume       = {72},
      school       = {Wuppertal},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03242},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-839-1},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich IAS Series},
      pages        = {ix, 70},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {Dissertation, Wuppertal, 2024},
      abstract     = {Electrical cables are a potential source of fire in many
                      different application areas, ranging from residential
                      buildings to spacecrafts. The current state of the art
                      models for fire spread on a cable or cable tray are using a
                      prescribed spread rate. Many efforts have been made within
                      the research community, to enhance the understanding of
                      cable fires. Nevertheless, many challenges still remain [1].
                      In order to better understand the influence of certain
                      boundary conditions (e.g. composition and flow conditions of
                      the surrounding atmosphere), a new designed set-up for gram
                      scale pyrolysis experiments is proposed. In fire safety
                      science, the thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and the cone
                      calorimeter are both often used for pyrolysis and combustion
                      experiments. The TGA allows examining milligram-scale
                      samples under well-defined boundary conditions, while the
                      cone calorimeter allows for larger (gram-scale) samples but
                      with less well known boundary conditions. Within this
                      thesis, experiments with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are
                      conducted in the TGA and the cone calorimeter. In the TGA,
                      the effect of several different experiment and material
                      parameters on the pyrolysis behaviour is investigated.
                      Including, the effect of different sample colour and
                      different atmospheres is included in this study. In the cone
                      calorimeter, the effect of different sample colour is
                      studied. PMMA was chosen as a material since its fire
                      behaviour is often studied in the literature. The newly
                      designed experiment is based on the ISO-19700 standard for
                      the steady state tube furnace. The set-up consists of a tube
                      furnace which is combined with an online mass loss
                      measurement. The advantage of the new set-up is that it
                      provides well-defined boundary conditions, as well as
                      radially symmetric heating. The mass loss measurement is
                      enabled using a cantilever mechanism. This cantilever
                      connects the specimen in the oven with a load cell outside
                      the high temperature region of the oven. Additionally, the
                      set-up is connected to a gas analyser with CO, CO2 and O2
                      measurements. Temperatures at the in- and outside of the
                      set-up are recorded using K-type thermocouples. The
                      functionality of the balance is demonstrated by comparing
                      the mass loss rate of the balance with the rate obtained
                      from the measurements by the gas analyser. A very good
                      agreement was found between the results from the gas
                      analyser and the balance, showing the excellent
                      functionality of the new balance. A comparison between the
                      new device; the TGA and the cone calorimeter is done using
                      PMMA. A difference in mass loss rate and heat release rate
                      was found between black and transparent PMMA in the cone
                      calorimeter. This difference becomes larger for higher
                      external heat fluxes. It is believed that this might be due
                      to a difference in absorption coefficient for both
                      materials, however additional exiperiments would have to be
                      conducted to confirm this hypothesis. When comparing black
                      and transparent PMMA in the tube furnace no difference in
                      mass loss rate was found. This could indicate that the
                      involved heat transfer process in the tube furnace is less
                      dominated by radiation or this might be due to the lower
                      temperatures in the tube furnace. When comparing the mass
                      loss rate results of the tube furnace and the TGA, it was
                      found that changing the atmosphere from nitrogen to air has
                      a similar effect in both devices, namely the mass loss rate
                      starts earlier under air atmosphere. Additional experiments
                      should be considered to further compare the three devices.
                      The scale of the tube furnace does not allow to ignore heat
                      and mass transfer. Additionally, a temperature gradient is
                      present throughout the length of the furnace. This makes the
                      tube furnace a more complicated experiments than e.g. the
                      TGA, more experiments should be conducted to further
                      characterize the boundary conditions in the tube furnace. In
                      future, it should be considered to make a computational
                      model of the tube furnace which can be used to determine
                      kinetic parameters by inverse modelling. This would allow to
                      further evaluate the added value of the tube furnace to
                      predicting parameters needed for fire spread modelling.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2025-03242},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1044505},
}