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@ARTICLE{Arango:1044792,
      author       = {Arango, Vanessa and Wortmann, Jonas and Osterrieder, Tobias
                      and Weitz, Paul and Rocha-Ortiz, Juan S. and Wu, Mingjian
                      and Zhou, Xin and Eller, Fabian and Heumüller, Thomas and
                      Hauch, Jens and Liu, Chao and Le Corre, Vincent M. and
                      Spiecker, Erdmann and Herzig, Eva M. and Lu, Guanghao and
                      Lüer, Larry and Brabec, Christoph J.},
      title        = {{F}ine-{T}uning {D}onor {M}aterial {D}eposition with
                      {U}ltrasonic {A}erosol {J}et {P}rinting to {B}alance
                      {E}fficiency and {S}tability in {I}nverted {O}rganic
                      {P}hotovoltaic {D}evices},
      journal      = {ACS applied materials $\&$ interfaces},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {32},
      issn         = {1944-8244},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03348},
      pages        = {46149–46160},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a
                      Box–Behnken (BB) design of experiment (DoE) approach was
                      performed, with the central point repeated four times to
                      enhance statistical reliability, to systematically
                      investigate the influence of ultrasonic aerosol jet printing
                      (uAJP) parameters such as speed, flow, and power, while
                      depositing the donor material deposition, on the
                      acceptor/donor ratio and power conversion efficiency (PCE).
                      Efforts were made to tune the D:A ratio to approximately
                      1:1.2, a composition widely used for the PM6:Y12 active
                      layer system. Despite the sequential deposition of the donor
                      material onto the acceptor, the resulting active layer
                      exhibited a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology rather than
                      a layer-by-layer (LbL) structure. Further analysis such as
                      film-depth-dependent light absorption spectra (FLAS) and
                      cross section of the electron energy-loss spectroscopy
                      (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)
                      or STEM-EELS was used to explore the interplay between
                      deposition parameters and vertical blending behavior in the
                      active layer. Finally, we evaluated the stability of these
                      OPV devices under continuous one-sun illumination for 1080
                      h, revealing that the most efficient devices also exhibited
                      the highest operational stability.},
      cin          = {IET-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-2-20140314},
      pnm          = {1212 - Materials and Interfaces (POF4-121) / 1214 -
                      Modules, stability, performance and specific applications
                      (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1212 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1214},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1021/acsami.5c09318},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1044792},
}