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@ARTICLE{Wortmann:1046024,
      author       = {Wortmann, Jonas and Du, Xiaoyan and Wagner, Jerrit and
                      Weitz, Paul and Arnold, Simon and Liu, Chao and Le Corre,
                      Vincent M. and Barabash, Anastasiia and Hauch, Jens and
                      Heumüller, Thomas and Brabec, Christoph},
      title        = {{I}mproved {Z}n{O} {P}ost‐{T}reatment for {H}igh
                      {P}erformance {O}rganic {S}olar {C}ell {M}aterials},
      journal      = {Solar RRL},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {16},
      issn         = {2367-198X},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03664},
      pages        = {2500156},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely used electron transport layer
                      for organic solar cells which has been optimized and
                      established for the first generation of organic photovoltaic
                      (OPV) materials. With the emergence of novel OPV materials
                      which can reach up to $20\%$ efficiency, several limitations
                      of ZnO have become apparent. In particular, interactions of
                      the active layer with ZnO under illumination can severely
                      limit the device efficiency and stability. In this study, we
                      investigate how various treatment options of ZnO like
                      thermal annealing, ultraviolet exposure, as well as vacuum
                      treatment can improve ZnO properties. Calcium tests show the
                      release of reactive components form ZnO, and space charge
                      limited current measurements allow to model energy level
                      alignment using drift diffusion simulations. Crucially,
                      permanent Jsc losses related to insufficient treatment of
                      ZnO are observed for high performing material systems. An
                      additional UV treatment step under vacuum is shown to
                      significantly reduce those Jsc losses and allows using ZnO
                      annealing temperatures of only 80°C.},
      cin          = {IET-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-2-20140314},
      pnm          = {1213 - Cell Design and Development (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1213},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001543554400001},
      doi          = {10.1002/solr.202500156},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1046024},
}