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@INPROCEEDINGS{Majewski:1046031,
      author       = {Majewski, Martin and Qiu, Shudi and Ronsin, Olivier J. and
                      Du, Tian and Egelhaaf, Hans-J. and Brabec, Christoph and
                      Harting, Jens},
      title        = {{S}imulation of the impact of processing conditions for
                      solution-processed thick perovskite layers},
      publisher    = {FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO València},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03671},
      pages        = {-},
      year         = {2025},
      comment      = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Hybrid and
                      Organic Photovoltaics - FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA
                      SCITO València, 2025. - ISBN -
                      doi:10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2025.078},
      booktitle     = {Proceedings of the International
                       Conference on Hybrid and Organic
                       Photovoltaics - FUNDACIO DE LA
                       COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO València,
                       2025. - ISBN -
                       doi:10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2025.078},
      abstract     = {Fabricating thick (1000 nm) solution-processed perovskite
                      layers is expected to increase the efficiency of
                      carbon-contact-based solar cells compared to thinner (500
                      nm) films. However, increasing only the deposited layer
                      thickness often results in buried voids inside the dry film.
                      This is detrimental to the efficiency of the device.
                      Recently, we have developed a theoretical framework based on
                      Phase Field simulations[1]. It is capable of describing the
                      main physical processes determining the morphology:
                      evaporation, diffusion, spontaneous nucleation, crystal
                      growth, and advection[2]. With the help of the simulations,
                      it is possible to explain why voids form in the film. The
                      crystals nucleate at random spots inside the liquid film.
                      The movement of the condensed-vapor interface, due to
                      evaporation, leads to an agglomeration of the crystals at
                      the film surface. The crystals block further evaporation and
                      the remaining solvent is the origin of the buried voids
                      inside the dry film. We explain how adding seeds on the
                      substrate before coating the thick film can prevent this. In
                      this case, processing conditions have to be modified
                      compared to standard operating procedures for thin films.
                      The theoretical expectations can be verified experimentally,
                      leading to a performance improvement of the devices.},
      month         = {May},
      date          = {2025-05-12},
      organization  = {12º nternational Conference on Hybrid
                       and Organic Photovoltaics, Roma
                       (Italy), 12 May 2025 - 14 May 2025},
      cin          = {IET-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-2-20140314},
      pnm          = {1214 - Modules, stability, performance and specific
                      applications (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1214},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)8 / PUB:(DE-HGF)7},
      doi          = {10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2025.078},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1046031},
}