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@ARTICLE{Nidadavolu:1046130,
      author       = {Nidadavolu, Eshwara and Mikulics, Martin and Wolff, Martin
                      and Ebel, Thomas and Willumeit-Römer, Regine and
                      Zeller-Plumhoff, Berit and Mayer, Joachim and Hardtdegen,
                      Hilde},
      title        = {{C}orrelative {R}aman {S}pectroscopy–{SEM}
                      {I}nvestigations of {S}intered {M}agnesium–{C}alcium
                      {A}lloys for {B}iomedical {A}pplications},
      journal      = {Materials},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {16},
      issn         = {1996-1944},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03695},
      pages        = {3873 -},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {In this study, a correlative approach using Raman
                      spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is
                      introduced to meet the challenges of identifying impurities,
                      espe- cially carbon-related compounds in metal
                      injection-molded (MIM) Mg-0.6Ca specimens designed for
                      biomedical applications. This study addresses, for the first
                      time, the issue of carbon residuals in the binder-based
                      powder metallurgy (PM) processing of Mg-0.6Ca materials. A
                      deeper understanding of the material microstructure is
                      important to assess the microstructure homogeneity at
                      submicron levels as this later affects material degradation
                      and biocompatibility behavior. Both spectroscopic and
                      microscopic techniques used in this study respond to the
                      concerns of secondary phase distributions and their possible
                      stoichiometry. Our micro-Raman measurements performed over a
                      large area reveal Ra- man modes at ~1370 cm−1 and ~1560
                      cm−1, which are ascribed to the elemental carbon, and at
                      ~1865 cm−1, related to C≡C stretching modes. Our study
                      found that these car- bonaceous residuals/contaminations in
                      the material microstructure originated from the polymeric
                      binder components used in the MIM fabrication route, which
                      then react with the base material components, including
                      impurities, at elevated thermal debinding and sintering
                      temperatures. Additionally, using evidence from the
                      literature on thermal carbon cracking, the presence of both
                      free carbon and calcium carbide phases is inferred in the
                      sintered Mg-0.6Ca material in addition to the Mg2Ca, oxide,
                      and silicate phases. This first-of-its-kind correlative
                      characterization approach for PM-processed Mg biomaterials
                      is fast, non-destructive, and provides deeper knowledge on
                      the formed residual carbonaceous phases. This is crucial in
                      Mg alloy development strategies to ensure reproducible in
                      vitro degradation and cell adhesion characteristics for the
                      next generation of biocompatible magnesium materials.},
      cin          = {ER-C-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-2-20170209},
      pnm          = {5353 - Understanding the Structural and Functional Behavior
                      of Solid State Systems (POF4-535)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.3390/ma18163873},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1046130},
}