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@ARTICLE{Redder:1046190,
      author       = {Redder, Florian and Althaus, Philipp and Ubachukwu, Eziama
                      and Mork, Maximilian and Johnen, Sascha and Küpper,
                      Christian and Lieberenz, Paul and Oden, Marieluise and
                      Westphal, Lidia and Storek, Thomas and Xhonneux, André and
                      Müller, Dirk},
      title        = {{I}nformation and {C}ommunication {T}echnologies ({ICT})
                      for the intelligent operation of building energy systems:
                      design, implementation and evaluation in a living lab},
      journal      = {Energy informatics},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2520-8942},
      address      = {Cham},
      publisher    = {Springer International Publishing},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03726},
      pages        = {77},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Successful adaptation to climate change requires resilient,
                      reliable, and efficient energy systems. To unlock energy
                      efficiency potentials in buildings, an intelligent,
                      user-centered approach is vital. However, this requires
                      handling diverse data on the energy system. Therefore,
                      technologies for harmonizing, storing, and visualizing data,
                      as well as managing physical devices and users are needed.
                      This work assesses existing and required Information and
                      Communication Technologies (ICT) for intelligent building
                      energy system operation. We propose an intermediate
                      architecture based on Internet of Things (IoT) core
                      principles and feature insights from its implementation
                      within the Living Lab Energy Campus (LLEC) at
                      Forschungszentrum Jülich. We present an approach for
                      integrating existing ICT components, such as building energy
                      metering and central Heating, Ventilation and Air
                      Conditioning (HVAC) management, and propose a comprehensive
                      data collection and distribution infrastructure. We
                      establish IoT-enabled applications for energy system
                      monitoring, user engagement, advanced building operation,
                      and device identification and management. We evaluate our
                      ICT setup through functional and performance assessments. We
                      find that heterogeneous data can be reliably collected,
                      distributed, and managed using standardized interfaces,
                      state-of-the-art databases, and cutting-edge software
                      components. For the buildings operated through the ICT
                      infrastructure, data transmission availability is above
                      98.90 $\%,$ mean time to repair (MTTR) is less than 2.68 h,
                      and mean time between failures (MTBF) is in the range of
                      242.67 h to 1092.00 h, evaluated over a period of three
                      months. Our approach promotes the early real-world adoption
                      of intelligent building control prototypes and their
                      sustainable development. We demonstrate the proposed ICT
                      setup through an experimental study that applies a
                      cloud-based Model Predictive Controller (MPC) to a real
                      building space. Our results provide a comprehensive
                      discussion of the required ICT setup for intelligent
                      building energy system control in real-world environments
                      and highlight important design strategies that reduce the
                      conceptual overhead and facilitate implementation in similar
                      projects. Keywords Information and Communication
                      Technologies (ICT), Internet of things (IoT), Smart sensors,
                      Data acquisition and Management, Edge computing, Building
                      energy systems, Model Predictive Control (MPC), Living labs},
      cin          = {ICE-1},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICE-1-20170217},
      pnm          = {1121 - Digitalization and Systems Technology for
                      Flexibility Solutions (POF4-112) / 1123 - Smart Areas and
                      Research Platforms (POF4-112) / EnOB: LLEC: Living Lab
                      Energy Campus (03ET1551A) / LLEC - Living Lab Energy Campus
                      (LLEC-2018-2023)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1121 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1123 /
                      G:(BMWi)03ET1551A / G:(DE-HGF)LLEC-2018-2023},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1186/s42162-025-00536-2},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1046190},
}