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@INPROCEEDINGS{Mangold:1046650,
      author       = {Mangold, Miael and Johansson, Tim and Dabrock, Kristina},
      title        = {{S}treet view images, multimodal {L}arge {L}anguage
                      {M}odels and analyses for the implementation of {EPBD}},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03882},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {During 2025 and 2026, the Energy Performance of Buildings
                      Directive (EPBD) will be implemented in the European Union
                      member states. The authors of this paper have been involved
                      in the analyses for the Swedish EPBD implementation process.
                      The lack of a national register of buildings with heritage
                      values and the incomplete estimates of the renovation state
                      of buildings are seen as shortcomings by the involved
                      authorities. As part of the analyses, buildings in street
                      view images have been analysed using multimodal Large
                      Language Models (LLM) to estimate aspects of heritage value
                      and building renovation state (N=154 710). Using zero-shot
                      predictions by LLMs for governmental decision support
                      documents is an under-researched topic. In this paper, the
                      results of the predictions are presented and related to the
                      EPBD process. Potential risks for authorities using
                      LLM-based data are also addressed, with a focus on issues of
                      transparency, error detection and their seductive influence},
      month         = {May},
      date          = {2025-05-09},
      organization  = {Real Estate Research Conference,
                       Malmö ( ), 9 May 2025 - 9 May 2025},
      cin          = {ICE-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICE-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {1111 - Effective System Transformation Pathways (POF4-111)
                      / 1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1046650},
}