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@ARTICLE{Yacouba:1048983,
      author       = {Yacouba, Mohamed Issifi and Lambertz, Andreas and Liu,
                      Yanxin and Gattermann, Henrike and Lauterbach, Volker and
                      Bittkau, Karsten and Rau, Uwe and Ding, Kaining},
      title        = {{A}chieving {H}igh {E}fficiencies for {S}ilicon
                      {H}eterojunction {S}olar {C}ells {U}sing {S}ilver‐{F}ree
                      {M}etallization},
      journal      = {Progress in photovoltaics},
      volume       = {33},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1062-7995},
      address      = {Chichester},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-05078},
      pages        = {1223 - 1235},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {This work investigates the influence of the metallization
                      of low-temperature Cu paste and AgCu paste on the
                      performance of SHJ solar cells through a comprehensive study
                      of two techniques—screen printing (SP) and dispensing. The
                      research successfully applied Cu and AgCu pastes as metal
                      contacts on SHJ solar cells, yielding promising results.
                      Notably, cells with AgCu paste SP on the front side and Ag
                      paste SP on the rear side achieved a $0.13\%$ efficiency
                      gain over reference Ag SP bifacial cells. Moreover, cells
                      with AgCu paste SP on the front side and Cu paste SP on the
                      rear side reached an efficiency of $23.6\%,$ just $0.35\%$
                      lower than the reference cells, while saving approximately
                      $70\%$ of Ag paste. Cells with Cu paste SP on both sides
                      recorded an average efficiency of $22.4\%$ and a maximum of
                      $23.08\%,$ the highest efficiency reported for cells using
                      Cu SP on both sides (zero Ag). Cells with Cu dispensing on
                      the rear side also demonstrated superior performance
                      compared to cells with Cu SP on the rear side. Along, we
                      assessed the finger-printed characteristics of the three
                      pastes and the performance of SHJ solar cells under various
                      annealing conditions including the Cu annealing conditions
                      (300°C for 5 s). The solar cells maintained stable
                      performance up to 280°C for 5 s, with degradation
                      observed above this temperature, and light soaking partially
                      recovered some of the efficiency loss. A $0.2\%$ drop
                      persisted under Cu annealing conditions, but light soaking
                      reversed this effect back to the original efficiency. This
                      work advances SHJ solar cell technology by highlighting the
                      potential of AgCu and Cu pastes to efficiently replace or
                      reduce Ag paste consumption in SHJ solar cell
                      metallization.},
      cin          = {IMD-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IMD-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {1213 - Cell Design and Development (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1213},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1002/pip.70016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1048983},
}