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@ARTICLE{Francke:1049552,
      author       = {Francke, Till and Brogi, Cosimo and Duarte Rocha, Alby and
                      Förster, Michael and Heistermann, Maik and Köhli, Markus
                      and Rasche, Daniel and Reich, Marvin and Schattan, Paul and
                      Scheiffele, Lena and Schrön, Martin},
      title        = {{V}irtual {J}oint {F}ield {C}ampaign: a framework of
                      synthetic landscapes to assess multiscale measurement
                      methods of water storage},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1991-959X},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-05356},
      pages        = {819 - 842},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Various methods are available to measure water storage
                      across different landscape compartments, e.g. cosmic-ray
                      neutron sensing, remote sensing, or hydrogravimetry. All
                      these methods provide integral estimates that are
                      representative of their corresponding measurement
                      volume.However, we typically do not know the true value of
                      water storage in these measurement volumes, which makes it
                      difficult to assess the accuracy of such methods.In this
                      study we suggest a synthetic virtual landscape that allows
                      for an exact definition of all variables of interest and,
                      consequently, constitutes the so-called “virtual truth”
                      free of knowledge gaps. Such a landscape can be explored in
                      various “virtual field campaigns” using “virtual
                      sensors” that mimic the response and characteristics of
                      actual devices. We use dedicated physically based models to
                      simulate the signal a sensor would receive. These model
                      outputs, termed “virtual observations”, can be explored
                      and also allow for the reconstruction of water storage,
                      which can then readily be compared to the virtual truth.
                      Insights from this comparison could help to better
                      understand real measurements and their uncertainties and to
                      challenge accepted knowledge about signal processing and
                      data interpretation.The Virtual Joint Field Campaign is an
                      open collaborative framework for constructing such
                      landscapes. It comprises data and methods to create and
                      combine different compartments of the landscape (e.g.
                      atmosphere, soil, vegetation). The present study
                      demonstrates virtual observations of water storage with
                      cosmic-ray neutron sensing, hydrogravimetry, and remote
                      sensing in three exemplary landscapes. It enables
                      unprecedented opportunities for the systematic assessment of
                      the sensor's strengths and weaknesses and even their
                      combined use.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217) / DFG project G:(GEPRIS)413955144 - Verbesserte
                      Quantifizierung von Bodenfeuchte und Biomasse durch
                      Kombination von bodengestützter Neutronen- und
                      LiDAR-Sensorik und Modellierung (413955144)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173 / G:(GEPRIS)413955144},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmd-18-819-2025},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1049552},
}