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@ARTICLE{Cheung:1049983,
      author       = {Cheung, Wai Kit and Bielawski, Jakub and Arnold, Lukas and
                      Huang, Xinyan and Węgrzyński, Wojciech},
      title        = {{R}eappraisal of {J}in's visibility through fire smoke
                      experiment: {I}nsights into signage visibility and the
                      impact of ambient light},
      journal      = {Fire safety journal},
      volume       = {159},
      issn         = {0379-7112},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-05697},
      pages        = {104573 -},
      year         = {2026},
      abstract     = {Jin's experiments in the 1970s contributed to fire
                      evacuation research, but only examined relatively high
                      ambient light levels. By replicating the Jin's experimental
                      setup and varying ambient light level, we explore the
                      relationship between smoke extinction coefficient,
                      background illumination and signage emitting light intensity
                      under low-light real-world emergency scenarios. Firstly, we
                      confirm Jin's observation of a linear relationship between
                      smoke extinction coefficient (sigma) and visibility distance
                      (V), although our measurements of sigma are $7–11\%$
                      higher under equivalent signage luminance. Our findings on
                      the sigma versus normalized brightness at a 15.5 m distance
                      align with Jin's results, while a $20\%$ discrepancy is
                      observed at 10.5 m and 5.5 m distances. At high ambient
                      light (180 lx), the K=sigma*V is comparable in Jin's
                      experiment (from 5 to 8) and this work (from 4.7 to 9.5).
                      However, at low ambient light (less than 22 lx), the signage
                      remains visible in higher smoke extinction coefficients
                      (with K from 6 to 11). The critical extinction coefficient
                      decreases by nearly $40\%$ for every 5 m increase in
                      visibility distance. This work deepens the understanding of
                      smoke visibility under a dark fire environment, which may
                      help guide fire signage design and inspire new fire
                      evacuation research.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104573},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1049983},
}