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001050465 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)203585$$aChatagnon, Thomas$$b0$$eCorresponding author
001050465 245__ $$aWhen legs and bodies synchronize: Two-level collective dynamics in dense crowds
001050465 260__ $$barXiv$$c2026
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001050465 520__ $$aUltra-dense crowds, in which physical contact between people cannot be avoided, pose major safety concerns. Nevertheless, the underlying dynamics driving their collective behaviours remain poorly understood. Existing dense crowd models, mostly two-dimensional and contact-based, overlook biomechanical mechanisms that govern individual balance motion. In this study, we introduce a minimal two-level pedestrian model that couples upper body and legs dynamics, allowing us to capture transitions between balanced and unbalanced states at the individual scale. Whereas previous models fail to achieve it, this coupling gives rise to emergent collective behaviours observed empirically, such as self-organized waves and large-scale rotational motion within the crowd. The model bridges basic individual biomechanical concepts and macroscopic flow dynamics, offering a new framework for modelling and understanding collective motions in ultra-dense crowds.
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001050465 650_7 $$2Other$$aPhysics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
001050465 650_7 $$2Other$$aFOS: Physical sciences
001050465 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)132077$$aChraibi, Mohcine$$b1$$ufzj
001050465 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPettré, Julien$$b2
001050465 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)132266$$aSeyfried, Armin$$b3$$ufzj
001050465 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)159135$$aTordeux, Antoine$$b4
001050465 773__ $$a10.48550/ARXIV.2601.05867
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001050465 9141_ $$y2026
001050465 9201_ $$0I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321$$kIAS-7$$lZivile Sicherheitsforschung$$x0
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