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@INPROCEEDINGS{Gorelik:1050789,
      author       = {Gorelik, Tatiana and Ummethala, Govind and Tavabi, Amir
                      Hossein and Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal and Basak, Shibabrata and
                      Eichel, Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{C}an e{PDF} {D}etect {W}ater in {S}ilicon {N}itride
                      {L}iquid {C}ells?},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2026-00511},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Recent developments in in situ and environmental TEM have
                      significantly advanced our ability to study dynamic
                      processes at the nanoscale. Innovations in liquid and gas
                      cell TEM have enabled real-time imaging of chemical
                      reactions, material transformations, and biological
                      processes under realistic conditions. Many of these
                      processes are inherently heterogeneous and involve
                      precipitation or crystallization. The most straightforward
                      method for detecting early crystallization states in a
                      liquid phase is the analysis of the electron Pair
                      Distribution Function (ePDF).Amorphous silicon nitride is
                      one of the most widely used materials for in situ TEM liquid
                      cells. As a result, the contribution of the membrane signal
                      is inevitably present in the diffraction data of the sample.
                      It is therefore crucial to analyze and understand the
                      contributions of both the Si3N4 membrane and water as a
                      solvent to accurately assign evolving structural features
                      and distinguish them from the signal of the reaction
                      species.Detecting water in the presence of Si3N4 is not a
                      trivial task, as most interatomic distances in their
                      respective Pair Distribution Functions overlap.
                      Consequently, rather than tracing the appearance of
                      additional peaks, we must analyse the distribution of
                      intensities, which are generally less reliable in ePDF due
                      to multiple scattering.Here, we present our results on the
                      ePDF analysis of water-filled Si3N4 chips, demonstrating the
                      information that can be extracted from ePDF data and
                      discussing the limitations of the procedure.},
      month         = {Aug},
      date          = {2025-08-31},
      organization  = {Microscopy Conference 2025, Karlsruhe
                       (Germany), 31 Aug 2025 - 4 Sep 2025},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IET-1 / ER-C-1},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-1-20110218 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-1-20170209},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1050789},
}