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@TECHREPORT{Markus:1052353,
      author       = {Markus, Schwarz and Albert, Albert and Eichel, Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{D}evelopment of an {A}ccelerated {S}tress {T}est for
                      {F}uel {C}ell {F}reeze {S}tart {D}urability {V}alidation
                      {U}sing {R}eal-{W}orld {D}riving {D}ata of {L}ight-{D}uty
                      {FCEV}s},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2026-00955},
      pages        = {8},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The reliability and durability of vehicles are crucial for
                      the acceptance of new technologies by customers. Realistic
                      test methods are necessary to validate or ensure the
                      lifespan of vehicles and their components, particularly
                      regarding specific conditions such as freeze start. This
                      article provides an overview of the current state of
                      research on the effects of freeze starts on the degradation
                      of fuel cells. With this knowledge, relevant operating and
                      boundary conditions for potential damage of the fuel cell
                      are identified (e.g. start temperature, duration in subzero
                      operation, dehydration). The field data from the BMW
                      demonstrator fleet of iX5 Hydrogen Next were analyzed to
                      gain insights into realistic freeze start related stress to
                      the fuel cells. The dynamics of heating rates and the
                      influence of the operating strategy are best represented on
                      a Fuel Cell System (FCS). An experimental setup for a stack
                      centered test on a FCS was developed including a climatic
                      chamber and a subzero coolant supply in this study. The
                      identified automotive conditions could be implemented
                      similarly and reproducibly for the stack. In total of 140
                      freeze starts with the start stack temperatures between - 7
                      °C and - 18 °C were performed. These test results and the
                      vehicle data were compared, and the limitations of this
                      accelerated stress test are stated. The advantage of this
                      method is the feasibility to validate the lifetime regarding
                      freeze starts within a period of 1-2 month in 24/7
                      operation. The occurred problems during test development and
                      their solutions are also described, and suggestions for
                      improvement for less damaging freeze starts process are
                      given.},
      cin          = {IET-1},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IET-1-20110218},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)15},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1052353},
}