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| Home > Publications database > Chapter Three - Empirical facts and fundamental relation in pedestrian flow |
| Contribution to a book | FZJ-2026-00969 |
; ;
2025
ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS
London
ISBN: 9780443293962, 044329397X
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Abstract: In chapter ‘Empirical facts and fundamental relation in pedestrian flow’, fundamental diagrams are introduced as the relationship between the fundamental variables describing pedestrian streams, i.e., speed, density and flow. Different representations of the fundamental diagram exist, such as speed-density, flow-density, flow-speed and speed-distance. The different variants allow different conclusions to be drawn about the pedestrian stream under consideration, such as the capacity. At the beginning of the chapter, the basic spatial structures and flow characteristics are introduced. Then, commonly used calculation methods of the fundamental variables for describing pedestrian traffic are defined. In the main part, the general form of the fundamental diagrams is examined based on various empirical studies. The presented studies analyze experimental datasets of pedestrian flow in different spatial structures with directed flow characteristics (i.e., uni-, bi-, multidirectional) using different measurement methods. All diagrams generally show similar trends with different states (phenomena), such as free flow, bounded flow, congested flow, and congested flow with stop and go. However, it is clear that, in detail, the general course of the fundamental diagram depends on the geometry of the traffic system, the flow characteristics and, to some extent, the applied measurement methods.
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