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@PROCEEDINGS{Aymanns:1052661,
      author       = {Aymanns, Katharina and Niemeyer and Thompson, Lee and
                      Steer, Chris and Saum, Joseph and Mandel, Marcus and
                      Mildebrath, Maximilian and Martin, Andrew},
      title        = {{I}nvestigating {M}uon {T}omography for {S}afeguarding
                      {G}eological {R}epositories},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2026-01035},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Nuclear energy has experienced a renaissance in recent
                      years, with many countries set to expand their nuclear power
                      plant fleets. As a result, safeguarding the back end of the
                      nuclear fuel cycle is attracting more and more attention.
                      Most countries in the world plan to finally store the spent
                      fuel arising from nuclear power plants in deep geological
                      repositories (GRs) several hundred metres underground, while
                      the spent fuel, i.e. large quantities of nuclear material,
                      will remain under safeguards. The International Atomic
                      Energy Agency (IAEA) verifies the GR design information
                      declared by States. Design information verification (DIV) in
                      general is intended to confirm the features and
                      characteristics of a nuclear facility through on-site
                      physical examination of the facility during all stages of
                      the facility’s life cycle. However, performing DIV
                      activities at GRs may become more challenging in the
                      operational phase and even more so in the post-closure
                      phase. In this context, muon tomography is a powerful tool
                      that can provide critical information about the overburden
                      of a prospective underground facility. Muon tomography would
                      be able to identify unknown features such as voids or
                      undocumented tunnels that have not been declared prior to
                      the construction of a GR. This extended abstract presents
                      the results of a simulation study investigating the
                      application of muon tomography for safeguarding spent fuel
                      in a geological repository (GR), and evaluating the
                      technical performance of the technology. A key result of
                      these simulations is that large underground features may be
                      detected in timescales of tenths of days.},
      month         = {Aug},
      date          = {2025-08-24},
      organization  = {Institute of Nuclear Materials
                       Management 66th Annual Meeting,
                       Washington (USA), 24 Aug 2025 - 28 Aug
                       2025},
      cin          = {IFN-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IFN-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {1412 - Predisposal (POF4-141) / IAEA GER SP - Joint
                      Programme on the Technical Development and Further
                      Improvement of IAEA Safeguards between the Government of the
                      Federal Republic of Germany and the International Atomic
                      Energy Agency (IAEA-19781005)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1412 / G:(DE-Juel1)IAEA-19781005},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)26},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1052661},
}