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100 1 _ |a DU, Tian
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245 _ _ |a Enhancing the viability of p-i-n perovskite solar cells with printable carbon cathode: Origin of polarity inversion
260 _ _ |a Amsterdam
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520 _ _ |a Printable rear electrodes represent a key enabling technology for the upscaling of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Carbon electrodes are appealing candidates widely employed in n-i-p (so-called “conventional”) architectures, but their integration into p-i-n (so-called “inverted”) architectures is prohibited by interfacial energetic mismatch. We address this challenge by introducing a tin oxide (SnOx) interlayer with desirable mechanical durability and n-doping level. We show in detail how the tailored interlayer converts carbon from a hole-collecting anode to an electron-collecting cathode and how the electron-extraction barrier is minimized, narrowing the efficiency gap between carbon (21.8%) and silver (24.0%) electrodes. The advancement results in a remarkably improved viability of the PSCs: a modest drop in efficiency is outweighed by a 3-fold improvement in projected operational lifetime (>8,000 h) and a 60% reduction in the bill of materials. These results underscore the potential of carbon as a cost-effective alternative to silver in the industrialization of p-i-n PSCs.
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700 1 _ |a Dag, Hakan
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700 1 _ |a Peng, Zijian
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700 1 _ |a Englhard, Jonas
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700 1 _ |a Barabash, Anastasia
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700 1 _ |a Zhang, Handan
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700 1 _ |a Zhang, Jiyun
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700 1 _ |a Tan, Jiayi
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700 1 _ |a Qiu, Shudi
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700 1 _ |a Dong, Lirong
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700 1 _ |a Wagner, Michael
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700 1 _ |a Hauch, Jens
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700 1 _ |a Guo, Fei
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700 1 _ |a Kasian, Olga
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700 1 _ |a Bachmann, Julien
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700 1 _ |a Brabec, Christoph
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773 _ _ |a 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102224
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