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@ARTICLE{Konopka:111832,
      author       = {Konopka, P. and Pan, L.L.},
      title        = {{O}n the mixing-driven formation of the {E}xtratropical
                      {T}ransition {L}ayer ({E}x{TL})},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {117},
      issn         = {0022-1406},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-111832},
      pages        = {D18},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {We thank William J. Randel for many discussions motivating
                      the authors to conduct this study and to write this paper.
                      We are also grateful to Anne Kunz, Rolf Muller and two
                      anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments.
                      Important support by the preparation of the final version of
                      the manuscript was provided by Shawn Honomichl. The European
                      Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) provided
                      meteorological analyses for this study.},
      abstract     = {We present a case study on the formation and structure of
                      the Extratropical Transition Layer (ExTL) using in situ
                      observations and a Lagrangian chemical transport model. The
                      results show that the model with mixing parameterized from
                      the large-scale flow deformations well reconstructs the
                      observed asymmetric structure of the ExTL with a deeper
                      transition layer on the cyclonic side of the jet stream.
                      Information from the model and observations are integrated
                      using tracer-tracer correlations between ozone (O-3) and
                      carbon monoxide (CO). Transport of chemical tracers from the
                      stratospheric or tropospheric background to the ExTL through
                      mixing is identified by the change of the CO-O-3 correlation
                      in the CO-O-3 space. The ExTL formation process simulated by
                      the model, therefore, provides a scenario to connect the
                      mixed air parcels to the history of mixing. An estimate of
                      timescales of ExTL formation is made using model
                      experiments. The results show that the fastest formation of
                      the ExTL occurs on the isentropic levels below the
                      subtropical jet core, e.g. around 3 weeks for 310 K, whereas
                      at 360 K level (jet core) the formation of the ExTL needs
                      around 3 months. Overall, this result demonstrates the
                      important role of mixing in transport of trace gases across
                      the tropopause.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000309138200003},
      doi          = {10.1029/2012JD017876},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/111832},
}