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@ARTICLE{Koestel:111904,
      author       = {Koestel, J. and Kasteel, R. and Kemna, A. and Esser, O. and
                      Javaux, M. and Binley, A. and Vereecken, H.},
      title        = {{I}maging {B}rilliant {B}lue {S}tained {S}oil by {M}eans of
                      {E}lectrical {R}esistivity {T}omography},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Madison, Wis.},
      publisher    = {SSSA},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-111904},
      pages        = {963 - 975},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the SFB/TR32
                      funded by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). We
                      thank Ralf-Uwe Limbach for shooting excellent photographs.
                      Furthermore, we thank all the staff at the ICG-4 who
                      assisted with the data collection, especially Rainer Harms
                      and the staff from the ICG workshop for their help with
                      digging up the lysimeter.},
      abstract     = {Temporal mapping of the three-dimensional spatial
                      distribution of solute transport in soils is needed for an
                      improved understanding of the underlying processes. Numerous
                      studies have confirmed that Brilliant Blue imaging provides
                      spatially highly resolved information on solute transport In
                      soils. A drawback of the method, however, is its destructive
                      character, which prevents three-dimensional mapping of the
                      temporal evolution of Brilliant Blue plumes or fronts. In
                      this study, we determined that the negative ionic charge of
                      the Brilliant Blue molecule for moderately acid and basic
                      environments provides an electrical conductivity contrast
                      that can be detected by means of time domain reflectometry
                      (TDR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT).
                      Time-lapse ERT supplies three-dimensional spatiotemporally
                      resolved image data through minimally invasive measurements
                      but with limited spatial resolution. A joint application of
                      Brilliant Blue imaging and (time-lapse) ERT offers potential
                      benefits such as ERT image validation by dye staining,
                      spatiotemporally resolved Brilliant Blue displacement
                      studies, and improved ERT inversion regularization based on
                      Brilliant Blue image-derived solute plume or front
                      characteristics. This study illustrates the efforts needed
                      to quantitatively relate Brilliant Blue concentration and
                      electrical conductivity as well as the potential and
                      limitations of noninvasive smoothness-constrained ERT for
                      solute imaging in soils.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Soil Science / Water Resources},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000271936900014},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2008.0180},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/111904},
}