000011236 001__ 11236 000011236 005__ 20240610120216.0 000011236 0247_ $$2DOI$$a10.1103/PhysRevE.82.031904 000011236 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:000281873100002 000011236 0247_ $$2Handle$$a2128/9311 000011236 037__ $$aPreJuSER-11236 000011236 041__ $$aeng 000011236 082__ $$a530 000011236 084__ $$2WoS$$aPhysics, Fluids & Plasmas 000011236 084__ $$2WoS$$aPhysics, Mathematical 000011236 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)VDB37724$$aYang, Y.$$b0$$uFZJ 000011236 245__ $$aSwarm behavior of self-propelled rods and swimming flagella 000011236 260__ $$aCollege Park, Md.$$bAPS$$c2010 000011236 264_1 $$2Crossref$$3online$$bAmerican Physical Society (APS)$$c2010-09-15 000011236 264_1 $$2Crossref$$3print$$bAmerican Physical Society (APS)$$c2010-09-01 000011236 300__ $$a31904 000011236 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article 000011236 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000011236 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000011236 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000011236 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000011236 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000011236 440_0 $$04924$$aPhysical Review E$$v82$$x1539-3755$$y3 000011236 500__ $$aWe thank Jens Elgeti and Roland Winkler for stimulating discussions. Y.Y. acknowledges support by the International Helmholtz Research School on Biophysics and Soft Matter (IHRS BioSoft). V. M. is grateful to the RISE program of the DAAD (Germany) and to NSERC (Canada) for financial support. This work was supported in part by the VW foundation through the program "Computational Soft Matter and Biophysics." 000011236 520__ $$aSystems of self-propelled particles are known for their tendency to aggregate and to display swarm behavior. We investigate two model systems: self-propelled rods interacting via volume exclusion and sinusoidally beating flagella embedded in a fluid with hydrodynamic interactions. In the flagella system, beating frequencies are Gaussian distributed with a nonzero average. These systems are studied by Brownian-dynamics simulations and by mesoscale hydrodynamics simulations, respectively. The clustering behavior is analyzed as the particle density and the environmental or internal noise are varied. By distinguishing three types of cluster-size probability density functions, we obtain a phase diagram of different swarm behaviors. The properties of clusters such as their configuration, lifetime, and average size are analyzed. We find that the swarm behavior of the two systems, characterized by several effective power laws, is very similar. However, a more careful analysis reveals several differences. Clusters of self-propelled rods form due to partially blocked forward motion and are therefore typically wedge shaped. At higher rod density and low noise, a giant mobile cluster appears, in which most rods are mostly oriented toward the center. In contrast, flagella become hydrodynamically synchronized and attract each other; their clusters are therefore more elongated. 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