% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Steelman:11378,
      author       = {Steelman, C.M. and Endres, A.L. and van der Kruk, J.},
      title        = {{F}ield observations of shallow freeze and thaw processes
                      using high-frequency ground-penetrating radar},
      journal      = {Hydrological processes},
      volume       = {24},
      issn         = {0885-6087},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-11378},
      pages        = {2022 - 2033},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {We have used reflection profiles and common-midpoint (CMP)
                      soundings with 900 MHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to
                      monitor freezing and thawing processes during winter
                      seasonal periods at two separate sites located in Ontario,
                      Canada. GPR responds to the large contrast in dielectric
                      permittivity between liquid water and ice. The profiles
                      reveal the long-term development of a very shallow (<0.5 m)
                      soil frost zone overlying unfrozen wet substratum. During
                      the course of the winter season, long-term travel time
                      analysis yielded physical properties of the frozen and
                      unfrozen layers as well as the spatial distribution of the
                      base of the soil frost zone. Short-term shallow thawing
                      events overlying frozen substratum formed a dispersive
                      waveguide for both the CMP and reflection profile surveys.
                      Inversion of the dispersive wavefields for the CMP data
                      yielded physical property estimates for the thawed and
                      frozen soils and thawed layer thickness. We have shown that
                      GPR can be used to monitor very shallow freezing and thawing
                      events by responding to changes in the relative dielectric
                      permittivity of the soil water phase (e. g. liquid water vs
                      ice). The non-invasive collection of such data permits
                      interpretation of dynamic temporal and spatial freeze-thaw
                      events, which are important for characterizing a range of
                      hydrological processes. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley $\&$
                      Sons, Ltd.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Water Resources},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000280140700011},
      doi          = {10.1002/hyp.7688},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/11378},
}